FOREST RIGHTS. 05 



express the sum of his rights as oirncr, by saying that he 

 has the use (every possible advantage from the estate) ; the 

 abuse (the right to destroy and make it a waste, unless some 

 express law pi-events him) ; the fruifs, i.e. all produce and 

 accessories ; and lastly, the right to let, hire, alienate, and 

 maintain any kind of legal action necessary to defend his 

 property. 



2. 0/ t1ie Persons wJio are Owners. 



Forest property may belong to an individual owner, or to a 

 partnership or body of co-owners, or to the State ; or to what 

 is called an artijicial or legal person, namely, some body of 

 men, or individual holding a peculiar position, or even an 

 official trust, or some institution, which the law regards as 

 if it were one single person, taking (as regards the property 

 owned) no thought of the individual member or members 

 composing it. 



The corporation, as a legal person is called, is exemplified 

 by the " Crown," the " rector of a parish," a town corpora- 

 tion, a college, charitable or other body, which is by law, or 

 by a Royal Charter declared to be corporate. In such cases 

 the law or charter specifies the officer (chairman, secretary, 

 etc.) who is to represent the corporation : the act of the whole 

 body is signified by a conunon seal.* The individual members 

 of a corporation have no interest in or liability for the 

 property whatever, nor can they take any action regarding 

 it. Thus corporate property differs from property where 

 the owner is a company (not being a corporation), or a 

 partnership, or a set of two or more joint owners : for all 

 these have separate rights and individual interest, although 

 until partition, no one of them alone can deal with any 

 portion of the estate. 



3. Limitation of Owner's Riylit. 



In the short enumeration of the characteristics of property 

 it was noted that sometimes, though there was an owner to 



* This has nothing to do with the departniental official seal used by a forest 

 department or government secretariat, etc. The " State" or " the government" 

 as owner of forests and so forth, is not exactly a corporation — but it is analogous. 

 State property is always provided to be managed and held by someone — e.ff. the 

 Secretary of State for India in Council, in the case of public property in India, 



P.P. F 



