572 PROTECTION AOAINS^T SNOW. 



ii. "Wherever clear cuttings are practised, the felling-areas 

 shouklbe of small extent, so that areas of even-aged wood 

 should not be too extensive ; several series of felling-areas 

 should therefore be established. 



iii. In coppice-with-standards, only strong tellers should be 

 reserved. 



4. Treat incut of Injured Woods. 



The treatment of injured woods will depend on their age 

 and the species of which they are composed, and the kind of 

 damage they have experienced. 



If extensive damage has been done by snow, the first duty 

 of the forester is to remedy matters as soon as possible; in 

 coniferous woods especially, all bent and broken wood should 

 be at once worked up and sold. Trees on which three or four 

 verticils of living branches have been spared may be left 

 standing, after carefully pruning off their broken branches. 

 Stems which have been bent over from the ground may 

 recover their erect position owing to then- elasticity and 

 striving towards the light, and in any case they assist in 

 keeping the soil covered. The woodcutters, who are removing 

 l)roken stems, may be directed to set the bent stems upright, 

 and, if necessary, attach them by string or wire to stems 

 which are still erect. 



For the rest, the treatment depends chiefly on the species, 

 the age of the injured crop and the extent and nature of the 

 snowbreak. 



Young coniferous woods which have been broken in patches 

 and strips should be replanted with large transplants of beech, 

 sycamore, larch ; spruce, silver-fir, or Weymouth pine may 

 also be used, in accordance with the suitability of the soil for 

 each species. Breakage of leaders is often repaired naturally 

 by formation of new leaders, by Scots pine and larch, even 

 though it may for long be recognised by doubhi leaders, 

 bayonet leaders, etc. 



Older coniferous woods, when greatly thinned by snow- 

 break, should be underplanted ; spruce-woods with beech and 

 silver-fir; Scots pine woods with s})ruce and sessile oak. The 

 remarks (p. 551) already made regarding repairs of damage 

 done l)y wind are also applicable here. 



