IXL'NDATIOXS. 



593 



americana, L. ; the latter witlistands 'water better than tlie 

 common ash. 



Pollardinf^.the Selection system, and Coppice-with-standards, 

 rich in standards, aresuital)le systems of management. Tree- 

 willows may be pollarded, but poplars are best managed by 

 cutting only their side branches, as pollarded poplars soon 

 decay. Both poplars and willows speedily reproduce the bark, 

 which has been rubbed off by ice ; they are generally grown 

 from strong cuttings. Oak, elm and ash may he grown in 

 Higli Forest. 



Ileproduction is effected l)y planting saplings and slips, 

 as natural regeneration is difficult to 

 A obtain on areas liable to floods. 



A large number of saplings must be 



planted, to replace those that are injured 



by floods and to kill blackthorn and 



y ^/^ ^ other noxious weeds. • 



T'ii y^ ^ /^ In the case of Coppice-with-standards, 



' ^ a much larger ni>mber of tellers is 



'vms\. 



Fis. 2(56. 



J V E n ju m Ji'' m 



Fi<^. 267.— Section from A to B, showiti" 

 comparative heights of wood. 



reserved at each felling than is usually the case under this 

 system, in order to keep down inferior species such as black- 

 thorn. Osier beds, chiefly of HaUx viviiiiaUs, S. jmrpurea, etc., 

 may be planted by means of cuttings, and cut over annually. 



In the case of High Forest, or Coppice-with-standards, the 

 felling-areas should be arranged at an oblique angle with tlie 

 course of the stream as shown in Figs. 2G6 and 2G7, I. being 

 the youngest and VIII. the oldest wood, and alternate compart- 

 ments differing in age by half the rotation. 



Such an arrangement affords shelter to the young growth 

 and prevents floods from carrying away beyond the next strip 

 of wood the felled timber lying on any area. 



Q Q 2 



