CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERMS. 607 



producing a light colored wine, a soil rich in calcium a sweet 

 wine, and a clay soil a fine bouquet, etc. 



Wines are made by fermenting the grape juice, and contain 

 from 5 to 20 per cent, of alcohol, from i or 2 to 12 per cent, of 

 sugar, about 0.5 per cent, of tartaric, acetic and other fruit-acids, 

 tannin and coloring matter from a trace to 0.3 per cent., and 

 various compound ethers, giving them their characteristic flavors 

 or bouquets. White wines are made from the juice of the pulp 

 of the white or colored grapes after separation from the epicarp 

 and seeds. In the manufacture of red wine no care is taken to 

 separate the seeds and skins of colored grapes or even the stems 

 on which the fruits are borne. Port wine is made from a grape 

 grown in Portugal, the wine being chiefly exported from Oporto. 

 The term claret is applied to a red wine containing a small 

 amount of alcohol. Brandy is obtained by the distillation of the 

 fermented juice of the grape. Champagne is a product obtained 

 by fermenting grape juice to which other substances have been 

 added, and contains about 10 per cent, of alcohol and 67 per cent, 

 of carbon dioxide. Raisins are obtained from a variety of Vitis 

 vinifera containing a high percentage of sugar. In the prepara- 

 tion of raisins the ripe grapes arg dried either by exposure to the 

 sun or artificial heat. In grape preserves in addition to the indis- 

 tinguishable cells of sarcocarp, raphides of calcium oxalate occur. 



A principle resembling toxicodendrol is found in I'itis incon- 

 stans of Japan. A greenish-blue coloring principle occurs in Iritis 

 sicyoides of South America. The leaves and twigs of \^irginia 

 creeper or American ivy (Pscdera quinqiie folia) contain tartaric 

 acid, glycollic acid, catechin and inosit. 



XIX. order malvales. 



This order includes several families having rather diversified 

 characters. The stamens are numerous, the sepals are valvate 

 and the placentas are axillary. 



a. FAMILY EL^OCARPACE/E.— The members of this 

 family are shrubs or trees mostly indigenous to the Tropics. 

 They are distinguished from the plants of the other families of 

 this order in not containing lysigenous mucilage canals. A prin- 

 ciple yielding hydrocyanic acid is found in Echinocarpus Sigun 



