230 , BACTERIOLOGY. 



part of the truth, but that no one of them 

 attained to a real comprehension of the con- 

 tinuity of causes in the sense of modern exact 

 science. I hope also to show that the existing 

 antagonisms resolve themselves into a higher 

 unity by means of which the solution of the 

 problem becomes again surprisingly simple, a 

 result quite common in cases where each such 

 antagonistic principle is unduly inflated that 

 it may redound to the glory of its school. 



Causes and Their Identity and Equivalence 

 With Effects. 



While the modern investigator in the exact 

 sciences holds the conception of cause and 

 effect only in a unitary or monistic sense, and 

 while in epistemology there is a similar under- 

 standing of these terms, among the people at 

 large the word cause connotes quite different 

 meanings. Sometimes the word is used in the 

 same sense as it is by the man of science ; 

 such a case is the recognition in reference to 

 an explosion that the degree of destruction is 

 dependent upon the kind and quantity of the 

 explosive material. Sometimes, however, we 

 characterize as the cause the spark or the elec- 

 tric current which precedes the explosion and 

 evokes it. In the first case the cause is some- 



