44-6 BACTERIOLOGY. 



shown by Astier in 1813 i n regard to the 

 yeasts, and by Sette in 1819 in the case of the 

 microbe of the bleeding host, but Cagniard 

 de Latour and Schwann were the first to suc- 

 ceed in bringing proof for this view and proof 

 which was of so satisfactory a kind that Turpin 

 in the following year attributed all fermenta- 

 tions to the life of microbes. These experi- 

 ments were in 1841 supplemented by Fuchs 

 with experiments upon blue milk, and again 

 by Remak in 1841, and Mitscherlich in 1841- 

 1843, each of these observers finding different 

 kinds of ferment organisms in different fer- 

 mentations. Helmholtz in 1843 made im- 

 portant observations upon the germs of putre- 

 faction. It was however in the years following 

 1857 that Pasteur finally established the truth 

 of the view that all processes of fermentation 

 and putrefaction alike are caused by living 

 things, and that in each different fermen- 

 tation different kinds of microbes are con- 

 cerned. The specificity of the ferment germ 

 appeared according to his investigations to be 

 the cause of the typical specific fermentations. 

 Goeze and Bremser's study of the develop- 

 ment of tapeworms afforded insight into the 

 cause of tapeworm and pinworm diseases. 

 Then Prevost (1807) discovered that moulds 

 are the cause of many plant diseases, and this 



