2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 



Enumeration and Classification of the Species of 

 Domesticated Animals. 



The object of this book is the study of veterinary/ anatomy. The animals of 

 which it treats belong to the Mammiferous class and to that of Birds. 



The domesticated Mammals of our climates have their representatives in a 

 large number of orders. Thus, we find among them — 



1. Of the Carnivora, the Dog and Cat; 



2. A Kodent, the Rabbit ; 



3. A Pachyderm, the Fig ; 



4. Of Solipeds, the Horse and Ass ; the produce of the Male Ass with the 



mare, i.e. the Mule, and that of the Horse with the Female Ass, known 

 by the name of Hinny ; 



5. Of Ruminants, the Ox, Sheefp, and Goat. 

 With regard to Poultry, they range themselves — 



1. In the Gallinaceous or Columba order, the genera to which the Common 

 Fowl, Guinea Fotvl, Turkey, and Figeon belong ; 



In the order of Palmipeds, the Goose and Duck. 



Girard has proposed a special classification for the domesticated Mammals, 

 based upon the number of digits terminating each of their limbs, and has defined 

 four categories : the first comprises the Horse, Ass, Mule, and Hinny, which take 

 the name of monodactyles, because their digital region is composed of a single 

 digit ; in the second, under the denomination of didadyles or hisulcate animals, 

 those with two digits, such as the Ox, Sheep, and Goat ; in the third, or regular 

 tetradactyles, is found the Pig, each of whose limbs has four digits ; lastly, the 

 Dog and Cat, which most frequently have four digits on the posterior members 

 and five on the anterior ones, and form the class of irregular tetradactyles. 



This nomenclature will not be followed here, as it is opposed to the general 

 laws of organization. Philosophical anatomy has, in fact, demonstrated that there 

 are really no true monodactyles, didactyles, etc. ; all are materially or virtually 

 pentadactyles. It is therefore considered better to keep to the classification 

 established by zoologists, because it prevents confusion in scientific language. 



The regimen and habits of the domesticated animals bring about differences 

 in their organization ; these appear very great at first sight, though in reality they 

 are not so marked as they seem. 



In order to study the descriptive anatomy of all these animals, we will not 

 pass them in review, one after another, giving for each the description of every 

 organ ; but shall take a type, which will most frequently be the Horse, implicitly 

 compared with man, and briefly compare all the others with it. In this com- 

 parison, the animals will be generally classed according to their domestic value ; 

 though exceptions will be made to the rule which has been instituted by our 

 predecessors, whenever any advantage in point of concision or perspicuity is likely 

 to be obtained. 



General Ideas of the Organization of Animals. 



Order followed in studying the Various Apparatuses. 



The bodies of animals contain fluid and solid organic matters, as well as gases 

 and some mineral substances. 



Organic Fluids. — The fluids are very abundant in the animal economy; 



