852 THE NERVES. 



nerve is detached near the base of the cranium. 3. The superficial temporal nerve fumishea— 

 independently of the filaments uniting it to the facial — an auriculo-temporal branch that 

 ascends in front of the ear, and termiuates in the skin of the temporal region. 



In Man, there is annexed to tlie fifth pair the submaxillary ganglion, which receives a 

 sensitive lirauch from the lingual, a motor filament from the chorda tympani, and sympathetic 

 filaments; it gives oft" several emergent tilaiiient:<, nearly all of whicli pass into the maxillary 

 gland. There is nothing to say of the internal motores ocuhrum. 



Facial — In its collateral branches, the facial nerve of Man is absolutely the same as ia 

 animals. It has, however, a branch not described in them — the ramuscule of Hirsch/eld, which 

 reaches the base of the tongue, where it is distributed by mixing with the glosso-pharyngeal. 

 The termination much resembles that of tlie Dog. Two principal branches have been named 

 the temporo-facial and the cer vim-facial. The fir^t receives the superficial temporal nerve, and 

 describes an arch from which are detached tlie temporal, frontal, palpebral, suborbital, and 

 buccal ramuscules, which form the subparotideal plexus. The second, lodged in the parotid 

 gland, i>asse8 towards the angle of the jaw, where it anastomoses with the cervical plexus ; it 

 furniches the inferior buccal, mental, and cervical branches. 



Glosso-pharyngeal. — This nerve commences and terminates as in Soiipeds, and has the same 

 relations. It furnishes the bra7iches of the digastric and stylo-hyoid muscles, the filament of the 

 stylo-glossus muscle, and, finally, the tousilitic ramuscules that form, around the amygdala, the 

 tonsilar plexus. 



Pneumogastric. — Formed by the union of the sensitive roots, the pneumogastric leaves the 

 cranial cavity by the posterior foramen lacerum ; in the interior of that foramen it shows the 

 jugular ganglion ; a little lower, it has a second fusiform enlargement — the gangliform plexus — 

 which is found in the Dog. Here it receives the internal branch of the spinal accessory, or 

 otherwise its motor roots. Beyond this gangliform enlarj,'ement, the pneumogastric is placed 

 a little within the sympathetic, descends along the neck, enters the chest, and terminates on 

 the stomach and in the solar plexus. The relations of the two pneumogastrics in the thoracic 

 cavity are the same as in animals. In terminating in the semilunar ganglion, the two pneu- 

 mogastrics unite and form an arch named the memorable loop of Wrisberg. 



The various anastomoses of the pneumogastric in Man ofl'er nothing particular. 



The pharyngeal branches leave the gangliform plexus, and are constituted by the fllamenta 

 carried to the pneumogastric by the internal root of the spinal accessory. They are two, three, 

 or four in number, and form the pharyngeal plexus. 



The superior laryngeal nerve also arises from the gangliform plexus, and offers, as in 

 Ruminants, a Galien branch that anastomoses, end to end, with a branch of the inferior 

 laryngeal. The external laryngeal is furnished by this nerve ; it is distributed to the inferior 

 constrictor muscle of the pharynx, the crico-thyroid muscle, and the mucous membrane of the 

 subglottic portion of the larynx and the ventricle of the glottis. 



The recurrent nerves affect a distribution analogous to that already made known. 



The pneumogastric also gives cardiac, pulmonary, and oesophageal branches. The cardiac 

 lie beside those coming from the sympathetic and recurrents, and enter the ganglion of 

 Wrisberg, situated at the base of the heart. The oesophageal branches are remarkable for 

 their number and complexity, and form a veritable oesophageal plexus. The gastric branches 

 are also very numerous. 



Spinal accessory. — It presents bulbous roots which are well known, and medullary roots 

 which usually extend to the fifth cervical, and sometimes to the first dorsal. After its exit 

 from the posterior foramen lacerum, it divides into two branches— an internal and external. 

 The internal branch, formed by the bulbous roots, enters the gangliform plexus of the pneu- 

 mogastric. The external branch comports itself as in animals. 



The hypoglossal resembles that of Caruivora, and, like it, possesses a branch for the 

 hyo-thyroideus and genio-hyoideus. 



