CHAPTER II 



THE MAKING OF MOUNTAINS 



Mountains and mountains Volcanic mountains Moraines Fold 

 mountains Dislocation mountains Carved-out mountains. 



IT does not seem practicable to make any clear dis- 

 tinction between mountains and hills. For though we 

 think of mountains as higher and altogether bigger 

 and grander than hills, the quality of size is not one to 

 which we can attach great importance. What is im- 

 portant is to try to understand how there have come 

 to be hills and valleys, mountains and plains, and all in 

 such pleasing diversity. 



Geologists, such as the late Professor James Geikie, 

 in his " Mountains : Their Origin, Growth, and Decay," 

 tell us that there are two great kinds of mountains : 

 (i) ORIGINAL, or TECTONIC; and (2) SUBSEQUENT, or 

 RELICT. In the former class we include every height 

 which owes its origin either to (i) the piling or heap- 

 ing of materials at the surface; or to (ii) subterranean 

 action which has resulted in the folding and rupturing 

 of the earth's crust. Subsequent or Relict mountains 

 have originated in quite another way. They have 

 neither been built up by accumulation at the surface, 

 nor are they due to crustal deformation. On the con- 

 trary, they are the residual or remaining portions of 

 former high land, mere relics or fragments of more or 



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