THE MAKING OF MOUNTAINS 35 



Edinburgh, North Berwick Law, and the Binn at 

 Burntisland. According to the nature of the rock 

 rilling the " neck " will be the final result of the weather- 

 ing, for it may result in a precipitous crag like the 

 Castle Rock in Edinburgh, or in a rounded grass- 

 covered hill like Largo Law in Fife. But perhaps we 

 have said enough about the first kind of Original 

 mountain the volcanic type. 



Along with volcanic mountains may be grouped 

 glacial hills, which are due to the accumulations of 

 rocky debris showered by mountains on to the sur- 

 face of glaciers and carried down to form moraines. 

 When the glaciers retreat or disappear the moraines 

 are left as dumped ridges of rock rubbish and gravel, 

 which are sometimes almost mountainous. Hum- 

 mocky moraines, often forming parallel ridges, are 

 very common in the Scotch Highlands and through- 

 out the countries e.g., Prussia and Denmark 

 dominated by the gigantic glacier which once filled the 

 basin of the Baltic. As Professor Geikie has it, " The 

 terminal moraines of that enormous glacier are con- 

 spicuous in all these lands, where they acquire an 

 importance which they could not have in a country of 

 bolder relief. They constitute, indeed, the most exten- 

 sive paysage morainique of Europe a broad region 

 crowded with innumerable winding and interosculat- 

 ing ranges of hummocky ramparts and ridges, and vast 

 assemblages of rounded conical knolls, mounds, and 

 hills, the hollows amongst which hold lakes and lake- 

 lets, bogs and morasses innumerable." It may be men- 

 tioned that "bottom moraines," formed underneath the 

 glaciers as the result of grinding form "drums" or 

 "drumlins," which are abundantly illustrated in Ire- 



