t 



GROUP IV. — PHANEROCtAMIA : GYMNOSPERMJ; : CONIFER^:. 485 



C. Libani, in Asia Minor ; C. atlantica, iu the Atlas mountains of North Africa : 

 C. Deodar a, iu the Himalayas. 



7. Pinus, the Pines. The thick placental scales are expanded at their free 

 end into a flattened rhombic surface, the apophysis : the seed takes two years to 

 ripen : the foliage-leaves persist for several years and are confined to dwarf- 

 shoots which bear cataphyllary leaves at their bases, and are borne in the axils 

 of the cataphyllary leaves of the long shoots of the same year : the primary 

 branches are arranged in false whorls near the apex of the shoot of any one 

 year, and the branches of a higher order are developed in the same manner : 

 the microsporangiate cones take the place of dwarf-shoots at the base of a long 

 shoot of the same year, and are closely packed : the macrosporangiate cones 

 also occupy the place of dwarf-shoots near the apex of long shoots of the same 

 year. 



In the section Pinaster, the apophysis has a rhombic free surface with a 

 central projection (umbo) : it includes three sub-genera : — Pinea, characterised 

 by the fact that each dwarf-shoot bears two leaves, with about twenty species, 

 including Pinus ^ylvestris, the Scots Pine ; P. Laricio, the Black Pines ; P. 

 Pinaster, the Cluster Pine of South Europe; P. montana, the Mountain Pinesof 

 Europe; P. Pinea^ the Stone Pine of the South of Europe, the seeds of which 

 are large and edible : — Taeda, where each dwarf-shoot bears three leaves, with 

 about sixteen species, including Pinus Taeda^ the Frankincense tree of North 

 America: — Pseudostrobus, where each dwarf-shoot usually bears five leaves, 

 with about ten North American species. 



In the section Strobus, the dwarf-shoots usually bear five leaves, and the 

 apophysis runs out into a projection (umbo) at its upper edge : it includes two 

 sub-genera:— Eustrobus, with pendulous fruit-cones and winged seeds, in- 

 cluding Pinus Strobus, the Wejmouth Pine; P. excelsa, the Himalayan Pine; 

 P. Lanibertiana, the Sugar Pine, and P. monticola, both of California and 

 Oregon : — Cembra, with erect or divergent cones and seeds without wings, in- 

 cluding Pinus Cemhra, the Stone Pine of Switzerland and Siberia; P.jiexilis, of 

 North America ; and P. parvijiora, of Japan. 



Fam. 3. Taxodinece : morwecious : the macrosporophyll is clearly differen- 

 tiated into an outer and an inner (placental) half ; the latter forms an out- 

 growth across the upper surface of the macrosporophyll, which may even reach 

 tbe surface of the cone : seeds 2-9, either axillary and erect, or borne on the 

 surface of the macrosporophyll and inverted, generally without a wing : micro- 

 sporophylls bear 2-8 raicrosporangia : microspores with expansions of the exine : 

 leaves arranged spirally. 



Sciadopitys {S. verticillata), the Umbrella Pine of Japan, is the only member 

 of the family which has long and dwarf-shoots, the latter being a single pair of 

 confluent linear leaves; the placental outgrowth projects beyond the aj>ex of 

 the macrosporophyll, and bears a transverse row of about seven seeds at its 

 base. — In Cunuinghamia, the placental outgrowth is narrow and membranous. 

 — In Athrotaxis, the Tasmanian Cypress, the placental outgrowth is a thick 

 ridge. — Sequoia includes the two species of large Californian trees, S. sempei-virem , 

 tbe Californian lled-wood, and .S', {Welllngtonia) gigantea, celebrated for the 

 great height to which they grow (over 300 feet) , with a circumference of 50-60 

 feet at the base ; the placental outgrowth is a slight transverse ridge. In the 



