GKOUl' IV. — I'HANLKOGAMIA : ANGlOSFERMiE. 531 



The pericarp of dry in lebiscent fruits is sotnetimes developed into a mem- 

 bninoiis wing {e.p. Ash, Elm, Birch); to such a fruit the terra. samara is applied: 

 the fruit of the Maple is a double samara. 



II. Dry Dehiscent Fruits. The pericarp ruptures and allows the seeds, which 

 usually have a firm and thick testa, to escape : — they are commonly many- 

 seeded. 



(1) Dehiscence longitudinal. 



(a) The follicle, consisting of a s'ngle carpel which dehisces along the 

 ventral suture, where also the seeds are borne, e.fj. PjEouia atid 

 Illicium (Fig. 340) ; but sometimes {e.<j. Magnolia) along the dorsal 

 suture : it is superior. 

 (h) The legume or pod likewise consists of but one carpel which dehisces 

 along both the dorsal and ventral sutures (Fig. 342 A, trans- 

 verse section Fig. 336 A) : e.g. the Vetch, Pea, Bean, and many 

 other Leguminosae ; in some cases (Astragalus) a spurious dissepi- 

 ment occurs : it is superior. 



The lomentuni is a modification of the legume; it is constricted 

 between the seeds, and it is either indehiscent or it breaks across, 

 when ripe, at tlie constricted parts. It occurs in the Hedysarefe. 

 (c) The siliqua consists of two coherent carpels. The two carpels 

 when ripe separate from the base upwards iuto two valves, leaviug 

 their margins (with the parietal placentae and the spurious dis- 

 sepiment) attached, as a frame or replum, to the apex of the 

 pedicel ; e.g. Rape, Mustard, and most of the Cruciferae (Fig. 342 

 C) : it is superior. 



When the siliqua is short and broad, it is termed a silienla, as 

 in Thlaspi and C ipsella. In some cases, as in the Radish, the 

 siliqua ia jointed and indehiscent breaking transversely into one- 

 seeded portions. It resembles the lomentum, and is therefore 

 said to be lomentaccous. 

 {d) The capsule is derived from a polymerous syncarpous ovary which 

 may be uui- or multilocular ; it splits into two or more valves, 

 either for a short distance only from the apex downwards, or down 

 to the very base (Fig. 342 li). If the carpels become separated 

 from each other, and in the case of multilocular ovaries this in- 

 volves the splitting of the dissepiments (Fig. 343 A), the dehiscence 

 is said to be sfipticidal; if, on the other hand, each carpel si)lits 

 along its doi'sal suture, the dehiscence is said to be looiHcid it 

 (Fig. 343 B). In either form of dehiscence in a multilocular ovary 

 the ])lacentffi may either adhere to the valves (Fig. 343 B), or re- 

 main united into a central column which is free from t'le valves; 

 in the latter ca^^e the dehiscence is further described as being 

 upiifragal (Fig. 343 C). 



The capsule is usually superior, but sometimes, as in Iridacece 



and Cnmpnnulaceap, it is inferior; a special term, dipluteyiuni, is 



applied to the inferior cai)sule by some authors. 



(2) The form of capsule known as a pyxidium has a transverse dehiscence, 



e.g. in Plantago, Anagallis, Ilyoscyamus (Fig. 342 E) ; the upper part falls off 



like a lid. 



