GROUP IV. — PHANEROGAMIA : ANGIOSPERM^ : MONOCOTYLEDONES. 567 



dicles) adhere, belong the genera Spiranthes, Listera, and Neottia. Spiranthes, 

 Lady's Tresses (S. autumnalis, astivalis, and getnmipara) has a spike unilateral 

 by torsion, perianth-segments connivent, no spur. Listera, Tvvay-blade (L. 

 cordata and ovata), has only two foliage-leaves, and spreading perianth- 

 segments, no spur. Neottia Nidus-Avis, the Bird's-nest Orchid, is a saprophyte, 

 with scaly leaves which do not contain chlorophyll ; labellum not spurred. 



To the sub-family Physurece, characterised by the structure of the pollinium, 

 which is sectile, belongs the genus Goodyera (G. repens) in which the labellum 

 Las no spur, and the pollinia have acrotonous caudicles ; the inflorescence is, 

 like that of Spiranthes, a unilateral twisted spike ; the plant is rhizomatous. 



Fam. 4. LiparidincB : the anther produces four waxy pollinia without cau- 

 dicles. Liparis {Sturmia) Loeselii, has only two foliage-leaves and a pseudo- 

 bulb ; the flower is not resupinate ; there are two retiiiacula, to each of which 

 a pair of pollinia become attached. Malaxis (iJ/. paludosa, Bog Orchis) has a 

 short gynostemium and a single retinaculum; reproduced by pseudo-bulbs. 

 Corallorhiza {G. innata, the spurless Coral-root) is a saprophytic plant, without 

 roots or foliage-leaves. 



There are many other families, including a large number of genera which 

 are mainly tropical and commonly epiphytic with aerial roots (see p. 155). 

 Many of these are cultivated in hot-houses such as Oncidium, Vanda, Dendro- 

 bium, Angraecum, etc. Vanilla is the dried fruit of Vanilla planifolia, a climb- 

 ing species. 



Though pollination is usually dependent upon the visits of insects (see p. 

 456), self-pollination is by no means uncommon. For instance, among British 

 Orchids, Ophrys api/era and Neotinea intacta are probably always self-pollinated, 

 and Neottia Nidus- Avi'f, Epipactis ovalis and E. latifolia, are frequently self- 

 pollinated, simply by the falling of the pollen on to the stigma. Gephalan- 

 tliera rubra is commonly pollinated whilst in the bud, by the germination of 

 the polleu-grains, the pollen-tubes making their way to the stigma. 



Cohort 5. Narcissales. Flowers regular or irregular: not 

 less than three stamens in the androecium : perianth petaloid : 

 seeds with oily endosperm. 



Order 1. Amaryllidace^. KS, C3, ^3 + 3 or 12 to 18, 0^4,1 

 The flower is occasionally zygomorphic and narrowly funnel- 

 shaped : anthers usually introrse. The fruit is usually a trilocular 

 loculicidal capsule, sometimes a berry. 



.The principal of the numerous genera are arranged in the following fami- 

 lies :— 



Fam. 1. AmaryUidoidece : subterranean stem, bulbous : scape leafless, bear- 

 ing a single terminal flower, or an umbellate indorescence, invested by one or 

 more bracts. Amongst the genera without a corona (see p. 515) are Amaryllis 

 {A. Belladonna, the Belladonna Lily), Vallota {V. purpurea, the Scarborough 

 Lily) with zygomorphic flowers ; Zephyranthes, Sternbergia, Crinum, Galanthus 

 (G. nivalis, the Snowdrop), and Leucojum (L. vcrnuni, the Spring Snowflake ; 

 L. te$tivum, the Summer Snowflake) with actiuomorphic flowers. Amongst 



