658 



PART III. — THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



lar, with numerous anatropous ovules : fruit a capsule : seed with 

 endosperm. Herbs or shrubs usually with milky latex. 



L. DGrtmanni, the Water Lobelia, and L. urem, the acrid Lobelia, occur in 

 some parts of England. 



Cohort 11. Rubiales. Flowers generally regular, actinomor- 

 phic or zygomorphic : calyx generally present : stamens epi- 

 petalous : gynoeceum 2-5-merous : ovary uni- or multi-locular : 

 ovules 2 — GO : leaves generally opposite. 



Order 1. Rl'biacej:. Flowers regular, 4- or 5-merous : calyx 

 leafy or suppressed : corolla with valvate aestivation : ovary 

 1- or 2-locular, consisting of 2 carpels, 1- or many-seeded : seed 



usually containing 

 endosperm : leaves 

 decussate, stipu- 

 late : stipules (see 

 p. 48) often similar 

 to the true leaves 

 (Fig. 459 A, n n) : 

 the true leaves are 

 distinguished by 

 the branches which 

 arise in their axils 

 (Fig.459^//,.s). 



Sub-order 1. Stel- 

 late. Stipules large 

 and leafy : loculi 1- 

 seeded. 



Galium, Bed straw, 

 has a rotate 4-lobed 

 corolla and an incon- 

 spicuous calyx, usually 

 tetramerous: G.veniiu, 

 Molliigo, Aparine, and 

 otliers are common in 

 hedges and pastures. 

 Asperula has an infundibuliform corolla, but in other respects the flower 

 resembles that of Galium ; A. odorata, the Wood-ruflf, is common : A. cynanchica 

 is the Squinancy-wort. Rnbia Tinctorum, the Dyer's Madder, has a pentamerous 

 flower, a rotate 5-lobed corolla, and a baccate fruit ; it is used in dyeing and 

 largely cultivated; it is indigenous in Southern Europe and the East; it is 

 closely allied to the British species R. peregrina, the Wild Madder. Sherardia 

 has a tubular 4-lobed corolla, and a conspicuous calyx with a 4-6 toothed 



Fig. 459.—^ Portion of a stem of RuUa Tinctmnim: ff the 

 decussate leaves with the yuung shoots (s s) in their axils ; 

 n n the free stipules resembling the leaves (nat. size). B 

 Flower (mag.): / ovary ; fc calyx (rudimentary) ; c corolla; a 

 anthers ; n stigma. 



