DICOTYLEDONES : GAMOPETALJ!. 661 



have a pappus whilst Valerianella has not. Valeriana officinalis^ and dioica, are 

 common in damp places. Valerianella has a toothed calyx-limb ; many species 

 are common in fields : Valerianella olitoria, Corn-salad, or Lamb's-lettuce, is 

 eaten. Centranthus ruber is a,n ornamental plant; only one stamen and one 

 carpel are developed (Fig. 462, Diagram B) ; at the base of the tube of the 

 corolla is a spur which is indicated in Valeriana by a protuberance. 



Order 2. Dipsacej:. Flower more or less dorsiventral, sur- 

 rounded by an epicalyx (Fig. 463 k') formed of connate bracteoles: 

 calyx often plumose or bristly (Fig. 463 k) : corolla usually bila- 

 biate : stamens only four, the posterior one being suppressed : 

 ovary apparently dimerous, one carpel being more or less com- 

 pletely suppressed, unilocular, with one suspended ovule : seed 

 with endosperm : leaves decussate, exstipulate : flowers in a dense 

 capitulum surrounded by an involucre of bracts : the outer florets 

 are usually ligulate : the receptacle may or may not bear scaly 

 bracts (paleae) : fruit invested by the epicalyx which is cleft longi- 

 tudinally. 



Dipsacus, the Teazle, has a calyx without bristles ; the capitula of Dipsacns 

 Fnllomim are used in finishing woollen cloth, for the sake of the strong hooked 

 spines of the paleae : D. sylvestris is common on waste ground. In the genus 

 Scabiosa, the paleae, which are usually present, are not spinous : in the sub-genus 

 Asterocephalus, the epicalyx (or involucel) is 8-furrowed, and its projecting limb 

 is dry and scarious ; S. Columbaria, with a 5-lobed corolla, is common in dry 

 pastures : in the sub-genus Succisa, the limb of the 8-furrowed epicalyx is her- 

 baceous ; S. succisa, with a 4-lobed corolla, occurs in damp meadows : in the 

 sub-genus Knautia, there are no paleas but the receptacle is hairy, and the epi- 

 calyx is 4-furrowed ; S. arvensis is common in fields. 



Order 3. Composite. The flowers are always collected into 

 many-flowered capitula (sometimes only X-flowered) ; different 

 kinds of flowers ( ^ , ? , or sterile) generally present in the same 

 head : ovary dimerous unilocular, with a basal, erect, anatropous 

 ovule : the calyx is rarely present in the form of small leaves or 

 scales (Fig. 466 J9, p) ; more commonly it is a crown of simple or 

 branched hairs (pappus; Figs. 464 p; 466 -^, ^, jo),and is not 

 developed till after the flowering is over ; sometimes the 

 calyx is wholly wanting : corolla tubular, either regular, and .5- 

 toothed (Figs. 464 A^ c ; 466 0, m, c), or irregular and expanded 

 at the upper end in a lateral limb with 3 or 5 teeth (Figs. 464 J5; 

 466 B, ra; 466 A^ ra^ c), when it is said to be ligulate : the sta- 

 mens are short, inserted upon the corolla (Fig. 464 A, st) ; the 

 anthers are elongated and syngenesious, forming a tube through 

 which the style passes (Figs. 464 J, a ; 466 A^ a) : this is bifid at 



