664} PART III. — THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



Butter-bur, and Tussilago Farfara, the common Coltsfoot, are common in damp 

 fields. 



Tribe 4. Anthemidece. Leaves alternate: ray-florets ? , ligulate or tubular: 

 branches of style tufted at the tips : involucral bracts scarious : pappus 0, or 

 minute. 



Artemisia Absinthium, Wormwood, A. vulgaris and campestris are common: 

 Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, the Ox-eye Daisy, is common in fields : Matri- 

 caria Ghamomilla, the Wild Chamomile, has a hollow conical receptacle 

 destitute of paleas : Anthemis nobilis, the Common Chamomile, has a receptacle 

 bearing paleag, as also A. ai-vensis, the Corn Chamomile : Achillea Millefolium 

 is the Milfoil, or Yarrow : Tanacetum vuhjare is the Tansy : Diotis maritima is 

 the seaside Cotton-weed. 



Tribe 5. Helianthoidece. Leaves opposite : ray-florets or ligulate, yellow, 

 $ or sterile : branches of style as in Asteroideae. 



Bidens is common in wet places, Galinsoga is naturalized in England. Heli- 

 anthus annuus is the Sunflower ; oil is extracted from the seeds : tbe tubers of 

 H. tuherosus, a West Indian species, are rich in inulin (p. 114), and serve as 

 a vegetable (Jerusalem Artichoke). Species of Zinnia, Rudbeckia, Dahlia, and 

 Coreopsis are cultivated. 



Tribe 6. Helenioidece. Resemble the Helianthoideae, but the receptacle is 

 without paleas. Species of Helenium, Tagetes, Gaillardia, are commonly culti- 

 vated as garden flowers. 



Tribe 7. limloidaB. Leaves alternate : ray-florets frequently ligulate, ? , 

 yellow : anthers appendiculate at base. 



In Inula {I. Helenium, the Elecarapane), Pulicaria (P. dysenterica, the Flea- 

 bane), and others, the ray-florets are ligulate ; whereas, in other genera, Gna- 

 phalium (the Cudweed), Filago, Anteunaria, the ray-florets are filiform ; Anten- 

 uaria is dioecious. 



Tribe 8. Cynarece. Flowers all tubular, the outer ones sometimes $ or 

 sterile : style thickened below the branches : anthers often appendiculate at 

 base : leaves generally armed with spines, alternate. 



Arctium Lappa {A. majus), the Burdock, is common by roadsides ; the leaves of 

 the involucre are hooked and spinous. Carduus nutans and crispus are common 

 (true) Thistles ; Gnicus lanceolatus, palustris, pratensis (Plume-thistles), are 

 common in damp districts. Carlina vulgaris is the Carline-Thistle ; the inner 

 leaves of the involucre, which are white, fold over the flower-head under the 

 influence of moisture, but in drought spread widely open. Onopordon Acanthium 

 is the Scotch or Cotton Thistle. Centaurea Scabiosa and nigra, the Knapweeds, 

 are common everywhere : C. Cyanus is the Corn-flower or Bluebottle, occurring 

 in wheat-tields. Cynara Scolymus is the Artichoke ; the flower-buds are eaten 

 as a vegetable. Carthamus tinctoria, the Safflower, is used in dyeing. In Echi- 

 uops, the Globe-Thistle, numerous one-flowered capitula are collected into one 

 large spherical head. Saussurea and Serratula are the Saw-worts. 



Tribe 9. Calendulea. Eay-florets ? and usually ligulate : disc-florets usu- 

 ally sterile. 



Calendula officinalis, the Pot Marigold, is a familiar garden plant. 

 Sub-order II. Labiatifloe^. The $ disc-florets have a regular or a bilabiate 

 corolla ; the ray-florets have usually a bilabiate corolla. 



