XX EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS. 



Lead. — Acliannol througli the ice. A ship is said to " take the right lead" when she fol- 

 lows a eliannel conducting her into a more navigable sea, and vice versa. 

 MakisG-OFF blubhcr.— The operation of putting it into casks. 

 NiPPF.D. — The situation of a ship when forcibly pressed by ice. 



Pack. — A large body of ice consisting of separate masses lying close together, and whose 

 extent cannot be seen. 



Pascake-ice. — Newly formed ice, assuming the peculiar I'onfonnation of numberless 

 patches of " sludge," and giving the surface of the sea the appearance of a hand- 

 some pavement. 



Patch of Ice. — The same as a pack, but of small dimensions. 



Sailing-ICE. — Ice of which the masses are so much separated as to allow a ship to sail among 

 them. 



Sallvixg a ship. — The operation of cau.sing her to roll, by tiie men running in a body from 

 side to side, so as to relieve her from the adhesion and friction of the young ice 

 around her. 



Sludge. — Ice of the consistence of thick honey, offering little impediment to a ship while 



in this state, but greatly favouring the formation of a " bay -floe." 

 Stream. — A long and narrow, but generally continuous collection of loose ice. 



Tongue. — A mass of ice projecting under water, from an iceberg or floe, and generally dis- 

 tinguishable at a considerable depth in smooth water. It differs from a " calf" in 

 being fixed to, or a part of, the larger body. 



Wa TER-SK I'. — A dark appearance in the sky, indicating " clear water" in that direction, and 

 forminc; a strikiiiir contrast with the " blink" over land or ice. 



YousG-ICE. — Nearly the same as " bay-ice," l)ut generally applied to ice more recently 

 formed than the latter. 



