GEOLOGY 



horse and water-rat. Bones of man with others of dogs, rabbits, goats, 

 sheep, pigs and oxen were, in 1865, found in a Magnesian Limestone 

 cave close to Ryhope Pit. Human remains with edible shells and re- 

 mains of horse, cow, sheep, dog, pig or wild boar, red deer, roe, badger, 

 fox, yellow-breasted marten, weasel, hedgehog, mole, water-vole, kestrel 

 or merlin, gannet, great auk (now extinct) and other birds were found 

 in some old sea-caves also in Magnesian Limestone high above the present 

 sea-level at Whitburn Lizards in 1878. 



Stone implements of neolitliic type have occasionally been found 

 and are recorded in the Transactions of the local antiquarian societies, 

 but they do not appear to offer any points of special geological in- 

 terest. 



So-called submerged forests, possibly, but not quite conclusively, 

 pointing in a less marked degree than the raised beaches, to earth- 

 movements in comparatively recent times, are observable at low tide at 

 Whitburn, and also at the Hartlepools, but more evidence is wanted in 

 both cases. 



Under the head of recent deposits must be classed the beach- 

 material now in process of accumulation, the loam, sand and gravel of 

 the rivers forming alluvial flats or ' haughs ' at the river-bends, and the 

 peat-bogs of the high moorland, some of which represent the sites of 

 lakes (possibly Glacial), but most of which are of later date. 



APPENDIX 



References to a Few of the More Useful Authorities. 



Geological Map of Durham and Northumberland, by N. J. Winch, being part i. vol. iv, 



Transactions of the Giokrkal Society of London, 1 8 1 6. 

 Geological Map of Durham, by William Smith, London, 1824. 

 Geological Map of Northumberland and Durham, by George Tate, (printed 1867) in the 



History of Alnwick, and also in New Flora of the two counties, published by the Natural 



History Society of Northumberland and Durham in 1868. 

 Sketch-map of the Geology of Northumberland and Durham, by G. A. Lebour, 1886 and 



1889. 

 Six-inch sheets of the Geological Survey (for the coalfield and part of the lead districts). 



Also sections and one-inch sheets of the Geological Survey, complete. 



BOOKS AND PAPERS (GENERAL) 



' Observations on the Geology of Northumberland and Durham,' by N. J. Winch, Tram. 

 Geol. Soc.'w. I-IOI, 1816 (read 1814). 



Synopsis of the Geology of Northumberland and Durham, by R. Howse and J. W. Kirkby, New- 

 castle-upon-Tyne, 1863 ; 'Geology' (of Northumberland and Durham), being chapter i. 

 of 'A New Flora' of these counties [Nat. Hist. Trans, of Northumberland and Durham, 

 vol. ii. 1868) by G. Tate ; Geology of the Counties of England, article ' Durham,' by W. 

 J. Harrison, 1882. 



Outlines of the Geology of Northumberland and Durham, by G A. Lebour, London and New- 

 castle, 1886 and 1889. 



' Geology of Durham ' in Wordcn's Gazetteer of the County, 1891, by G. A. Lebour. 



' Geology of England and Wales,' passim, by H. B. Woodward, London, 1887. 



The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, by Sir A. Geikie (for Whin Sill and Dykes), vol. ii. 

 London, 1897. 



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