CONTENTS 



PAGE 



§ 8. The respiration of plants 162 



!j 9. The geotropism of stems 174 



10. The various forms of foliage-bearing stems , . .179 



11. The forms and functions of stems not connected with 



support of foliage 191 



12. The monstrosities of stems and leaves .... 196 



13. The economics, and treatment in cultivation, of stems . 205 



Chapter V. The Morphology and Physiology of Roots 



§ 1. The distinctive features of roots .... 



§2. The structure of roots . . . 



§ 3. The cellular anatomy of roots 



§ 4. The absorption of water, and other functions of roots 



§ 5. Osmotic processes in plants 



§ 6. The composition and structure of soils 



§ 7. The self-adjustments of roots to prevailing conditions 



§ 8. The additional, and substitute, functions of roots . 



§ 9. The economics, and treatment in cultivation, of roots 



§ 10. Summary of the functions and tissues of plants 



212 

 212 

 215 

 220 

 224 

 232 

 237 

 247 

 250 

 257 

 261 



Chapter VI. The Morphology and Physiology of Flowers . 267 



§ 1. The distinctive features of flowers 267 



§ 2. The structure of flowers 269 



§ 3. The accomplishment of fertilization by flowers . . 276 



§ 4. The nature and consequences of fertilization . . . 279 



§ 5. The methods and meaning of cross-pollination . . 286 



§ 6. Methods of asexual reproduction 298 



§ 7. The origin and significance of sex 302 



§ 8. Heredity, variation, and evolution 308 



§ 9. The methods used by man in breeding better plants . 317 



§ 10. The morphology of flowers 322 



§ 11. The morphology and ecology of flower clusters . . 335 



§ 12. Special forms, abnormalities, and monstrosities of flowers 340 



§ 13. The economics, and treatment in cultivation, of flowers . 343 



Chapter VII. The Morphology and Physiology of Fruits . 345 



§ 1. The distinctive characteristics of fruits . . . . 345 



§ 2. The structure and morphology of fruits .... 347 



§ 3. The dissemination and dispersal of plants . . . 356 



§ 4. Special forms and monstrosities of fruits .... 366 



§ 6. The nature and cure of plant diseases .... 367 



§ 6. The economics and cultivation of fruits .... 370 



