186 The Bible of Nature 



crests, the early disappearance of the junction be- 

 tween premaxilla and maxilla, the well-marked 

 chin, the more uniform teeth forming an uninter- 

 rupted horseshoe-shaped series without prominent 

 canines, and above all the massive brain which 

 may be three times the weight of a gorilla's. There 

 is no need to go into details, which have been 

 authoritatively stated so often. The point is, that 

 while man is distinctive from his heel to his chin, 

 from his big toe to his forehead, there is, as far as 

 structure is concerned, much less difference be- 

 tween man and gorilla than there is between 

 gorilla and marmoset. Every one now admits that 

 the distinctiveness of man from his nearest allies 

 depends not on anatomical peculiarities, important 

 as they are, but on his powers, especially on his 

 powers of rational discourse, of building up gen- 

 eral ideas, and of guiding his conduct by ideals. 

 Some other creatures have words, but man alone 

 has language — the power of expressing a judg- 

 ment — which is Logos. Many other creatures 

 have intelligence, which we can give a plausible 

 account of in terms of perceptual inference, but 

 man seems to stand alone in having reason or the 

 power of conceptual inference. Many other 

 creatures exhibit intelligent behaviour, which in a 

 few cases may be controlled with reference to an 

 objective end, as when the beavers dig a canal 

 through an island in the river; but, so far as we 



