94 



CIUMJLIFKK.K. (JwrciL-!. 



leaves. Very large trees, or sometiines shrubs. — Engelmaiin, Trans. St. Louis 

 Acad. iii. 372. 



A large nml iliiriciilt goiius of nlto\it 250 siiccioa, distributed tliioiiglioiit llic tcniiicnito and 

 warm regions of tlie nortlieiii iienii>,|ili(ie, chiiciallv ahmidaiit in Kasteiu A.-,ia and in Mexieu. Of 

 tiie 40 speeies found williin the limits of tlie I'liitud .States, 2.') are limited to tlie region eastward 

 of tlie lioeky Mountains. A single speeies {Q. tinilalntu) is found in Colorado and Utah, ranging 

 also into S. California, all the other Californian forms, exeepling Q. ohlumjifolia of the southern 

 border, being peculiar to the Western Coast. One other speeies {Q. Einonji) belongs to Arizona 

 and New Mexieo, but does not enter California. The wood of the genus is mostly hard and 

 durable, and most valuable for its economic uses. The bark also, from the amount of tannin 

 which it contains, is extensively used in the manufacture of leather. 



Staminate aments pendulous, below the pistillate (lowers : lilamcnts not . 

 longer than the anthers : stigmas dilated. 

 Abortive ovules at the biise or sidetd' the seed : stanu'ns C to 8: stignia.s 

 subsessile: baik light-colored. 

 Acorns glabrous within, maturing the first year. 

 Leaves ileeiduous : large trees, with large aeoins. 



Branches slender, glabrous : leaves deeply lobed, 4 inches long or 



iu.ss; buds oval, small: nut long-eoni.al. 1. Q. I.on.VTA. 



Bianehlets thieker, pubescent : leaves larger, rongher : buds 



large, lanceolate, tomcntosc : nut ovate. 2. Q. Oarkvana. 



Branchlets pubescent : leaves less lobed, 1 or 2 inches long : 



buds small, oval, slightly pubescent: mit long-oblong. 3. Q. Douolasii. 



Leaves deciduous, .small, deeply lobed : a shrub with slightly pu- 

 bescent bianehlets : buds oval, subpubescent : nut oval. 4. Q. Br.KWEiM. 

 Leaves persistent, coriaceous, small. 



Shrub : leaves broadly oval, 1 inch long, s]nnoscly lobed-dentate : 



cup 3 or 4 lines wide : nut elongated, slender. f). Q. UiNPULATA. 



Shrub or small tree : leaves oblong, A to ] inch long, entire or 



sinuate or sjiinose-toothed : cup 4 to 10 lines wide : nut oval. G. Q. du.mosa. 

 Small tree : leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, entire or with few 



blunt teeth : nut oblong. 7. Q. uiU.uNciKoi.iA. 



Acorns biennial, pubescent or (in n. 10) tomcntosc within: leaves 

 persistent, coriaceous. 

 Large tree or shrub: leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, entire or 

 sharply-toothed: cupycUow-tomentose, olten very thick, hemi- 

 spherical: nut oval, (d.tu.se. 8. Q. ciiKYSoi.F.n.s. 

 Tree : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, erenate-dentate, 



strongly ribbed : nut ovate, in a shallow cuj). 9. Q. TOMKNTKLI.a. 



Shrub : leaves ronnd-oval, rigid, 1 inch long or less, spinose-den- 



tate : cup turbinate. 10. (^ Pal.mi:!:!. 



Abortive ovules at top of the .seed : anthers 4 or ;'. : styles long : nuts 

 tomentose within: bark dark: leaf-lobes setaceously mucro- 

 nate. 

 Acorns annual: leaves snbpersistent. 



Large tree or shrub : leaves oblong to orbicular, 2 or 3 inches long, 

 "^sinuately spinose-dentate : cup turbinate : nut elongatetl, 

 ji,,„te. 11. Q- AOltlFOl.rA. 



Acorns biennial. 



Tree or shrub: leaves i)ersistent, strongly reticulated, dark green 

 and shining, entire to spinosely sinuate-lobed ; iietioles .short : 

 cup turbinate, very <leep : nut .slender, acute. 12. Q. "Wisi.iZKNi. 



Tree or shrub: leaves deciduous, jtinnatilid-lobed ; petioles long: 



cup hcmisph.MJcal ; nut oblong, obtuse. 13. Q. Ki;i.i.u(;(ili. 



Aments erect, pistillal.' at base or wholly staminate : fdaments elongated : 



stigmas linear : fruit biennial : leaves jicrsistcnt. 14. Q. DKN.slKl.or.A. 



§ 1. Staminate amcnia nakeAl, from lust i/ear's huds or from the lower part of 

 this years sJioots, jiendnhms ; filaments not lontjfr than the anthers; jtol- 

 len lan/e (.Ola -.020 lines in diameter): 2Ji-'ftillate Jlowers above the 

 staminate aments, from the axils of youny leaves; sti;/mas dilated. — 

 Leimuouala.nls, Kiull. 



