k>uacus. CUPULIFER.E. qq 



Var. frutescens. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with smaller oval entire or spinose- 

 clentatc leaves, 1 to U inches long. 



Conmion in the valleys ami on the lower mountains throughout the State and ascending into the 

 Siena Nevada; the variety is the "Desert Oak" of the southeastern desert region, ranging 

 northward to Shasta. A magnificent tree, with very dense dark green and shining foliage, sonu° 

 times 10 to 12 or even 18 feet in circumference (Shasta, Brewer) and 50 or CO feet high ; bark 

 paler and smoothish when young, very rough and black in old trees : wood said to be tough and 

 durable. The leaves persist 14 or 15 moutiis, longer than in the last, but rarely until maturity 

 of the fruit. Winter-buds oval, a line or two long, brown and .shining and slightly ciliate. Cups 

 very variable in size, often deeper than in any other N. American oak. This species has been 

 confounded with Q. aijrifulia, but is readily distinguished by its biennial fruit, the strongly retic- 

 ulated shining leaves, etc. Some forms closely approach the ne.\t species, which, however, has 

 broader more deeply lobed and deciduous leaves and obtuse acorns. 



-^-^ ++ Leaves deciduous. 



13. Q. Kelloggii, Newberry. A middle-sized tree, with rough black bark; 

 branchlets soon glabratc : leaves thick, broadly oval, jiinnatifid-lobcd (like those of 

 Q. coccuiea), 3 to 4^ or rarely 6 inches long, the lobes tapering and entire or broad 

 and lobe-dentate, at first tomeutose or nearly glabrous, at length glabrate ; petioles 

 slender, 8 to 15 lines long : aments stellate-pubescent or smoothish : calyx with 5 

 broad ciliate lobes, bearing 4 or 5 anthers : acorns mostly on peduncles ^ to an inch 

 long, often several together ; cups hemispherical, often very deep (G to 8 lines Avide 

 by 8 to 12 lines deep), with ovate-lanceolate obtusish imbricate scales ; nuts oblong, 

 obtuse, 12 to 16 lines long, by 10 to 12 wide. — Pacif. K. Kep. vi. 28, f. G. Q. 

 rubra, Benth. PI. llartw. 337. <^. tindoria, var. Californica, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 

 iv. 138. Q. S'onomensis, IJenth. ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi2.'G2. 



Common in the Coast IJanges tlnoughout the State, and also higher up on the western side of 

 the Sierra Nevada, where it olten is reduced to a shrub. The representative of the eastern Black 

 Oaks, and distinguished from them chiefly by the form of the cup and nut. The species is now 

 generally known as Q. Sononioisi.'^, but Dr. Newberry's name, honoring the indefatigable botani- 

 cal pioneer of California, has a priority of seven years. 



§ 2. Aments erect, pistillate at base and staminate above or entirely staininate : 

 slonlcr filaments mani/ times longer than the very small anthers: pollen 

 only half as large: stigmas linear: fruit biennial: leaves j^ersistcnt. — 

 ANUROGVNt:, A. DC. 



14. Q. densiflora, Ilonk. ^ Am. A middle-sized tree or shrub, Avith mostly 

 smoothisii bark and tonientoso branchlets : leaves oblong, acute, obtuse or rarely 

 acute at base, entire with revolnte margins or sometimes dentate, tomeutose espe- 

 cially beneath, at last glabratc and whitish, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long by i to 2 inches 

 wide ; j^etioles 3 to G lines long : aments 4 to G inches long, tomeutose ; flowers in 

 glomerules of 3, supi)orted by 3 bracts ; calyx of 5 broad woolly lobes : anthers 10 : 

 acorns solitary or in short-peduncled clusters ; cujis very shallow, ^ to 1 1 inches 

 wide, covered with long-linear rigid rough spreading or recurved scales, silky-tomen- 

 to.so inside; nut oval or oblong, acuto or obtuse, 1 to U inches long, Avith a very 

 thick shell, densely tonientoso within. — 15ot. Reechey, 31)1; Hook. Icon. t. 380; 

 Nutt. Sylva, i. 11, t. o. Q. echinacea, Torr. Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 137, t. 19. 



From the Santa Lucia Mountains {Pnhncr) through the Coast Knnges and especially the Iled- 

 woods to the Shasta region. A pretty large tree, 50 to 60 or rarely 80 feet high (Santa Cruz 

 ISlountains, Brciccr), ami a foot or two in diameter ; often a mere shrub, 5 to 7 feet high : bark 

 light gray, rough only in tlie oldest trees. Acorns bitter. Leaves in .some forms smaller, thicker, 

 .strongly riblxid and more freiiuently serrate ; in others larger, thinner, an<l without conspicuous 

 ribs, intermediate between Oak and Chestnut, and approaciiing .some L. Asiatic forms. 



2. CASTANOPSIS, Spach. "Western Chinquapin. 

 Staminate flowers in slender axillary and panicled aments upon the young shoots, 

 with regularly 5 - G-lobed perianth and usually twice as many stamens. Pistillate 



