Pinus. CONIFERS. 123 



or less persistent sheath of membranous scales, needle-shaped, terete or semiterete or 

 triangular according as the fascicles are of 1, 2, or more, mostly delicately serrulate, 

 ■with stomata on all sides or rarely only on the upper inner sides; resin-ducts periph- 

 eral (close to the epidermis) or parenchymatous (within the cellular tissue) or 

 internal (close to the cellular sheath surrounding the pith and vascular bundles), 

 varying in number in the same species ; strengthening cells (thick-walled longitudi- 

 nal hypodenn cells) distributed under the epidermis, especially at the angles and 

 keel, and often around the ducts, very rarely absent : spcds becoming detached from 

 the wing at maturity, or rarely remaining adherent and at last breaking oil'. — 

 Finns, Linn., Endlicher, Parlatore, in part. 



Tlie Ifirpost and, f5colos;i("ally, the oldost conilerons genus, of 60 or 70 recent species, of wliicli 

 24 belon" to the Old World and nearly twice as many to the New. About h' species are Mexi- 

 can and West Indian, 11 belong to the Atlantic States, and 15 to the Uocky Mountains and the 

 Pacilic slope. 



§ 1. Apoplnjsis generally thinner, with a terminal unarmed umbo: anthers 

 terminating in a knob or a few teeth or in a short incomplete crest : leaves 

 in fives, with peripheral ducts (in our species), their sheaths loose and decid- 

 rious : cones snbterminal. — Strobus. 

 * Wings longer than the seeds : leaves serrulate and (at least when young) den- 

 ticulate at the blunt tip: female aments long-peduncled, erect: cones pendulous 

 in the second year. 



1. P. monticola, Dougl. A tree 60 to 80 feet high and sometimes 3 feet in 

 diameter, witli suiootiiish pale bark splitting into sipiare plates; leaves mostly 2 

 (occasionally 4) inches long, with 2 to 6 lines of stomata on the sides, rarely any on 

 the back; teetli very small and distant: male flowers oval, surrounded by 8 invo- 

 lucral scales ; anthers knobbed or short-crested : cones cylindrical, slender, 5 to 8 

 inches long, yellowish brown : seeds pale, 3 to 3^ inches long ; wings twice as long, 

 Avidcst in the middle, 2)ointcd : cotyledons 6 to 9. — Lamb. Pin. 2 ed. iii. t. 67; 

 Loud. Arbor, iv. 2291, tig.; Parlat. in DC. Prodr. xvi^. 405. 



On the higher Sierra Nevada, from 7,000 or 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from the Calaveras 

 and Mount Raymond northward ; common in the Shasta region and on the Trinity Mountains, 

 and extending to On-gon and Washington Territory. It is the western representative of the 

 nortlieastcrn White Pine, from which it may be re:idily distinguished by the larger cones and 

 stiller and much less serrulate leaves, in which strengthening cells underlie almost tlie whole 

 epidermis (but do not surround the ducts), while they are absent in tlie softer leaves of P. Strobus. 

 The wood is said to be white and soft, as in the White Pine. 



2. P. Lambertiana, Dougl. A tree of gigantic dimensions, 150 to 300 feet 

 high and 10 to 20 feet in diameter, with light-brown smoothish bark splitting in 

 small sections : leaves 3.^ to 4 inches long, rigid, with 5 or 6 lines of stomata on 

 each of the 3 sides: male flowers oval, half an inch long, with 10 to 15 involucral 

 scales; anthers denticulate-crested : cones cylindrical, bright brown, 12 to 18 inches 

 long and 3 or 4 inches wide, on peduncles 3 inches in length : seeds smooth, black, 

 6 lines long ; wing not quite twice as long, widest below the middle, obtuse : coty- 

 ledons 13 to 15. — Linn. Trans, xv. 500; Lamb. 1. c, t. 68, 69; Loud. Arbor, iv. 

 2288, fig.; Nutt. Sylva, iii. 122, t. 114; Newberry, Pacif. K. Kep. vi. 42, tig. 14 ; 

 Parlat. 1. c. 406. 



Throughout the State and northward to the Columbia IJiver, on both slopes of the Sierra 

 Nevada, in a forest belt with P. pom/n-osa and /iln'rs coucnhr at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 or 

 sometimes 7,000 or 8,000 feet ; in the (,'oast Ranges only on the liighest points, from the Santa 

 Lucia Mountains to Humboldt County. Leaves stouter than in its allies, with a layer of 

 strengtliening cells under the whole epidermis and around the ducts. The wood is lilie that of 

 tho White Pine nnd similarly used. The exudation from the jmrtinlly burned tree loses its 

 resinous ipialities and ncipiires a sweetness similar to tliat of sugar or manna, for which it is some- 

 times uscil, wlicnce the name of " Sugar Pine." 



