Viola. VIOLACE^':. 55 



flat. — Flowers perfect. Sopala (persistont) and petals imbricated in the bud, hypo- 

 gynous. Capsule 3-valvod; the valves bearing the seeds along their middle; each, 

 after dehiscence, in drying firndy folds together lengthwise, and by its increasing 

 pressure projects the obovate seeds. — Represented only by the familiar genus. 



1. VIOLA, Linn. Violkt. 



Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base. Petals unequal, the lower spurred 



at base. Anthers broad, nearly sessile, often coherent, the connectives of the two 



lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the petal. — Mostly perennial 



herbs; with alternate lo^aves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1 -flowered axillary 



peduncles. Flowers usually dimorphous ; the earlier ones perfect and conspicuous, 



but often sterile ; the later (near the ground in the stemless species) with small 



and rudimentary petals, fertilized in the bud and producing numerous seeds. 



A Inrgn gonns of 100 spccips or more, largely liclonging to tlio tomprratp regions of the nortliem 

 boniisplicre, Init 30 snccics nrc fouml in the mountains ot S. Aineriin, and a very few occur in S. 

 Africa, Atistralia, ami New Zealand. The North American species numlwr alx)ut 30, half of 

 which belong to the western .side of the continent. Many of them are very variable and their 

 limits not ea.sily defined. Some of the foreign species are favorites everywhere for their fragrance 

 or beauty. The Californian are as a whole very showy, but generally not sweet-scented. Some, 

 however, have a peculiar and ratlier agreeable fragrance, very unlike the typical "odor of 

 violets." 



* jS/emlesx, (he leaves and scabies all from a subterranean rnotstock : leai'es not lobed 



nor parted : flowers white or purple. 



1. V. blanda, Willd. Kootstock creeping and at length producing runners : 

 leaves rounded-cordate or reniform, i to 2 inches in diameter, minutely and sjmr- 

 ingly pubescent or glabrous, obscurely crenate-toothed : peduncles 2 to 4 inches 

 high : flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple, nearly beardless, usually 

 3 or 4 lines long ; spur sliort and blunt. 



Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,000 to 9,000 feet altitude, rather rare : common east- 

 ward to the Atlantic. 



V. rALtisriua, Linn., very similar, but with pale lilac flowers, does not certainly occur in Cali- 

 fornia. It is found from the British boundary northward, on Mt. Washington in New Hamp- 

 shire, and ppilmps also in the Kocky Mountains. 



2. V. CUCullata, Ait. Rootstock thick and brandling, not ]iroducing runners : 

 leaves long-petioled, smooth or more or less pubescent, cordate with a broad sinus, 

 the lowest often reniform and the later acute or acuminate, crenately toothed, the 

 sides rolled inward when ycmng : peduncles 3 to 10 inches high : flowers deep or 

 pale violet or purple (sometimes white) ; petals 5 to 8 lines long, the lateral and 

 often the lower ones bearded ; spur short and thick. 



Cucamonga, San Bernardino Co. {Biffclow) ; above Carson City and in Sierra Co. {Anderson, 

 lyemmon) ; and more common northward and eastwaixl to the Atlantic States, where it is the 

 most common of all the species, and very variable. 



V. ODORATA, Linn., the well-known Sweet or English Violet, has been collected "among the 

 redwoods" (Holder), doubtless escaped from cultivation. 



* * Leafy stems at len/jth elongated, from short or running rootstochs : spur very 



short, except in the flrst spen'es. 



+- Stems leafy throughout, erect or ascending : leaves nil undivided. 

 + + Flowers purple, or not bright yellow. 



3. V. canina, Linn., var. adunca, Gray. Puberulcnt or nearly glabrous, low 

 (usually 3 to 4 inches high), at length sending out runners : leaves ovate, oft^n 



