THE FRUIT AND SEED-DISPERSAL 



-'93 



Buttercups, or in the Hounds-Tongue (Cynoglossiim) (C) they arc on 

 the superior achene : in the Water Avens (Geiim rivale) [D) a single 

 hook is formed half way up the style of each carpel. Such instances 

 taken from different families, and involving (juite 

 different parts, show that these effective develop- 

 ments have originated repeatedly, and indepen- 

 dently of one another. 



A second and more prevalent means of dispersal 

 is internally, as ingested food. It is secured by 

 development of succulent tissues in close relation 

 to the seeds. Here it is found that most various 

 parts are involved, even in nearly related plants. 

 Pulpy fruits occur in almost every family ; even 

 among the Grasses, which have characteristic dry 

 grains, certain Bamboos bear a succulent fruit. The 

 pulpy tissue often involves the whole carpellary 

 wall, and the seeds are embedded in it: this is the 

 case in the berries of the Grape, or Currant, the 

 one being a superior the other an inferior ovary 

 (Fig. 239). Or it. may be only the outer part of 

 the wall that is pulpy, while the inner is stony, 

 as in the drupe of Cherries or Plums (Fig. 240) 

 other than the pistil itself may be involved, for instance the receptacle 

 may be convex, and succulent, and bear the dry achencs (which 

 are the true fruits in the restricted sense) upon its surface, as in 



lie. zyj. 



Ikrrics of the Curr.inl. 



(After Figuicr.) 



Sometimes parts 



Fig. 240. 



Drupe of Chen-y. (After 

 Figuier.) 



I'IG. J.|I- 



Succulfiit rfceptacle of Strawberry. 

 (After I-"i.«ni.T > 



the "Strawberry (Fig. 241.) Or it may be concave, .uui liu- .uiun 

 be borne within its hollow Cavity, as in the "hip" ol the Kov 

 In the Fie it is the massive axis of the condense.l inll<>re.<cen 



