APPENDIX A 



495 



are incompletely fused, and each has its separate style and stigma : an 

 indication of a primitive apocarpous state. Other members of the Order 

 show various steps in cohesion and adhesion of the outer parts. For instance, 

 in (2) the Wild Hyacinth {Scilla nutans. Sm.) the stamens are adherent to the 

 perianth-segments (epiphyllous) . In the Grape-Hyacinth {Muscari), and the 

 Lily of the Valley [Convallaria) the seg- 

 ments of the perianth are coherent into 

 a bell. In some Lilies the perianth may 

 form a long tube, while the style is 

 proportionally elongated. But still the 

 ovary is superior ; even in Colchicum, 

 where it is below ground, it stands 

 above the insertion of the long tube- 

 like perianth. In others, as in Hemero- 

 callis, the gamophyllous flower is 

 zygomorphic. Thus the primitive state 

 seen in the Tulip may be modified in 

 relation to pollination by insects. 



Pollination. The flower of the TuUp 

 is conspicuous by its size and colour ; 

 but there is no honey, though in the 

 nearly allied Fritillaria a large honey- 

 gland lies at the base of each perianth- 

 segment. The Tulip is visited by insects for its pollen and so crossin 

 be effected ; but it is not a specialised mechanism. 



The fruit of the Liliaceae is either a capsule, splitting by longitudinal slits, 

 and so shedding the seeds, which are flattened, and readily carried by the 

 wind ; or it may be a berry as in Lily of the Valley, or Asparagus, and thus 

 be distributed by birds. 



Fig. 399. 

 Transverse section of the superior ovary of 

 Lily, showing the three syncarpous carpels, 

 bearing the anatropous ovules on their infolded 

 margins. F. O. B. 



may 



Family : Amaryllidaceae. Examples : Snowdrop, Narcissus. 



Those Liliales which have the same floral plan as the Liliaceae, but with 

 an ovary inferior, are grouped as Amaryllidaceae. But there is no sharp 

 line of demarcation between the hypogynous and the epigynous types. Some 

 genera show an intermediate state, their half-inferior ovary suggesting 

 how the carpels may have sunk into the tissue of the receptacle, thus giving 

 the ovules better protection, and nearer proximity to the sources of supply. 

 The floral diagram is the same for the Amaryllidaceae as for the Lihaccae. 

 (3) The Snowdrop {Galanthus nivalis. L.), or the Snow-flake [Leucojum, L.) 

 illustrate a primitive state of this epigynous type where all the parts of 

 perianth and androecium are separate. A more advanced type, showing 

 not only epigyny but also cohesion of the perianth, and adhesion of the 

 stamens to it, is seen in Narcissus. 



(4) In the Daffodil {N. pseudo-Narcissus, L.), the same floral diagram 

 (Fig. 397) and floral formula apply. But here the coherent perianth springs 

 from the summit of the inferior ovary as a tube which separates upwards into 

 six widely spreading segments. At the level where they diverge the tube 

 appears to be continued into a wide trumpet-shaped corona. This is an 



