xii Contents 



CHAPTER VI 



THE LAYING OUT OF THE PLANTATION 191-226 



CONTOUR PLANTING 192 



ORCHARD SYSTEMS 192-194 



MAKING THE Rows STRAIGHT 194-206 



To lay out with a plow 198-201 



Laying out with a line 201 



Another line method 201-202 



Staking methods 202-206 



DETAILS OF ORCHARD LAY-OUTS 206-217 



Lining-in method 212-213 



Wire-compass method 213-214 



THE FAMILY FRUIT-PLANTATION 217-221 



MAPS AND RECORDS 221-226 



Labels . . 222-226 



CHAPTER VII 



SUBSEQUENT CARE OP THE FRUIT-PLANTATION 227-287 



PRUNING 230-241 



The bearing wood 232-234 



The kind of top 234-236 



What to remove 236 



Renewing old trees by pruning; "dehorning" .... 236-237 



Heading-in 238-241 



THE THINNING OF THE FRUIT 241-250 



Thinning the apple 243-248 



Thinning other fruits 248-249 



How to thin 249-250 



PROTECTING PLANTATIONS FROM FROST 251-273 



How to predict frost 252-255 



Mulching to enable plants to escape frost 255-257 



Covering the plants to protect from frost 257-259 



Whitewashing as a protection 259 



Making currents of air 260 



Adding vapor of water to the air; flooding 260-261 



Explosives for frost and hail 261-263 



The making of smudges 263-265 



Heating the plantation 265-273 



