298 The Principles of Fruit-growing 



limate or lime-sulfur solution in addition to the gas-tar is 

 unnecessary." 



The collar-rots are infections, or winter injuries, about 

 the base of the tree. Often they girdle the trunk. Some 

 varieties seem to be particularly liable, as the Tomp- 

 kins King among apples. Whether there are specific 

 organisms for these collar-rots seems not to be known. 

 Sometimes they may be cankers, or general infections 

 following the "barking" of trees, or in windshakes. In 

 any case, the remedy is to cut away the infected parts 

 and to paint the area as for cankers. Very bad wounds 

 should be bound up, to prevent evaporation and to afford 

 protection. If the rot is discovered before it has made 

 great headway, it may sometimes be stopped. Badly 

 infested trees show yellowing and general loss of vigor. 



Similar treatment may be given to "barked" trees, 

 where they have been hit by the whiffletree or plow; but 

 as these places are not infected if the wound is fresh, no 

 other treatment may be required than to pare down the 

 ragged bark and to bind up the wound in any material 

 that will prevent drying out and protect it from weather. 

 The best material is soft adhesive grafting-wax, wound 

 over tightly with a cloth. Clay and cow manure are 

 sometimes used. See that the codlin-moth does not pupate 

 in the bandages, and that the strips do not become a 

 harbor for other insects. 



Rotten places in limbs and trunks may be gouged out 

 to fresh wood, the ulterior painted, and the cavity filled 

 tight with cement. 



Root-galls. 



The roots of many fruit trees and brambles are very 

 likely to be affected with large tuber-like swellings 



