BACTERIA COMMONLY FOUND IN COWS 5 MILK. 81 



barn and when they were on pasture. According to my 

 observations, these two kinds of milk differ from one an- 

 other not only in the fact that the milk produced while on 

 pasture contains a much smaller number of bacteria, but 

 also because the organisms found in it are by no means as 

 dangerous for the keeping quality of the milk as those in- 

 fecting the milk originating in the stable. This is espe- 

 cially striking if the pasture milk is compared with milk 

 from a dark and dirty cow-stable where the cows are stand- 

 ing on manure. 



In view of the conditions mentioned, we cannot here 

 enumerate all or even the most common micro-organisms 

 found in the milk.* We shall only consider the varieties 

 which, according to my investigations, are the most dan- 

 gerous enemies to the keeping qualities of our milk. There 

 may, of course, be a large number of other bacteria which 

 in certain regions, where I have not had an opportunity to 

 examine the milk, play a still more injurious part than 

 those here mentioned. 



My investigational material has come mainly from 

 middle Savolak, or from the regions around Helsingfors 

 and Tammerfors. A large number of samples examined, 



* For a detailed enumeration of the different forms of bacteria 

 found in cows' milk, see Kramer, " Bakteriologie d. Landwirtscliaf t, " 

 1892 ; Freudenreich, "Bakteriologie der Milchwirtschaft," 1893, pp. 

 36-53; Conn, "The Fermentations of Milk," 1893, pp. 17-63; Ada- 

 metz, " Normal and Abnormal Bacteria in Milk," Oest. Monatschr. f. 

 ThierTieilkunde, 15, pp. 1-36 ; Centralbl.f. Bact., 8, 109 ; Schuppan, 

 "Bacterien in Bezieh. z. Milchwirtschaft," Centralbl. f. Bact., 13, 

 527; LSffler, "Ueber Bacterien in d. Milch.," Berl. klin. Wochen- 

 schr. 1887 ; Hueppe, " Untersuch. ueber die Zersetzungen d. Milch 

 durch Mikro-organismen," Mitt. Kais. Ges. Amies, 2, 309. W. 



