SKIM -MILK. 201 



the bottom of both vessels; the condensation water escapes 

 at c and d, and after finished pasteurization from I. 



The apparatus is said to work well, is easily cleaned, 

 and may easily be combined with a cooler. No stirring 

 contrivance is necessary to avoid scalding of the milk, this 

 being in motion during the whole heating in a thin layer 

 between the two warm surfaces. 



A pasteurization apparatus constructed by Bitter has 

 been adopted to some extent in Germany. It consists of a 

 cylinder holding about 50 quarts and supplied with a cover; 

 a three-centimeter (l^-inch) worm is placed in the same, 

 through which the steam circulates and heats the milk 

 in the cylinder, which is stirred by means of a crank. 

 Forty quarts of milk may be heated to a temperature of 

 167 F. in fourteen minutes. Bitter has also constructed 

 hauling-cans which are sterilized from the waste steam 

 and afterwards filled directly from the cylinder, or still 

 better directly from the cooler. The latter stands in direct 

 connection with the pasteurization apparatus, and accord- 

 ing to Bitter's instructions, ought always to be sterilized 

 by steam before being used. 



Besides the three pasteurization apparatus briefly de- 

 scribed in the preceding, which represent three different 

 types, a large number of others have been constructed dif- 

 fering more or less from these. As most of these appa- 

 ratus are new and rather untried, it may be safest for the 

 time being only to buy them on a guarantee from the man- 

 ufacturer or the dealer.* 



*For descriptions and illustrations of other apparatus than 

 those here mentioned, see Weigmann, "Milchconservirung," 1893, 

 pp. 17-41. -W. 



