2 1 8 Struggle for Existence and Rivalry 



conditioned for survival, and this may be called a ' struggle.' 

 But here again there is no precise notion of what takes 

 place. In both of these cases the struggle is merely a 

 hypothetical means to the end, which is selection and sur- 

 vival ; it is not a clearly described phase in the process. 



Weismann's * Intra-selection ' also involves struggle, in 

 an obscure way ; and the selection of motor functions 

 by what has been above called ' functional selection ' in- 

 volves the survival of movements from among a series of 

 overproduced or excessive discharges ; but it again seems 

 to strain the notion of * struggle for existence ' to speak of 

 these movement variations as engaged in a struggle with 

 one another or with the environment. In all these cases 

 Mr. Spencer's term * survival of the fittest ' is more appli- 

 cable ; and the criteria of utility and adaptation run through 

 them all. 



§ 2. Sorts of Rivalry 



Coming to the extensions of meaning of the concept of 

 survival with struggle, in the direction of conscious and 

 social functions, we find certain processes which we may 

 distinguish under the general heading of 'Rivalry' — a 

 broad term which may be used to designate the entire 

 field, including biological struggle for existence. 



There are three great cases of Rivalry which it is essen- 

 tial to distinguish, especially in view of current confusions 

 arising from lack of discrimination : (i) Biological Rivalry, 

 or struggle for existence, of which the forms have been 

 pointed out above ; (2) Personal or Conscious Rivalry, or 

 emulation, to which the term rivalry is more generally 

 restricted ; and (3) commercial and industrial rivalry, 

 known as Economic Competition. 



