90 MY GARDEN. 



as they are only variations of mode and not of kind, such as saddle 

 grafting (fig. 117^), where the graft is made to stride the stock; and 

 cleft grafting (fig. 117 b\ where the graft is cut to a wedge, and let into 

 a triangular hole cut in the stock. Occasionally we inarch trees. 

 For this operation two trees are brought together. The stock has 

 a slice cut off with a sharp knife, the other tree has a similar slice 

 cut from a branch, when the two surfaces are brought into exact 

 contact, care being taken that the two deposits of forming wood, or 

 cambium, are brought accurately together (fig. 118). 



There is still another plan that may be employed for many trees 

 as for pear-trees and a rose-trees and that is, a simple bud of one tree 

 desired to be propagated is inserted into a second. In this case it is 

 equally essential, as with grafting, that the two new layers of wood 

 should be in exact contact. Budding we perform after 

 Midsummer, as soon as the buds are perfected, and are full 

 and plump, and when the bark separates easily from the stem. 

 The stock has a T-shaped cut (fig. 119), made with a bud- 

 ding knife (fig. 61) ; into this the bud is inserted by turning 

 back the bark in the angles of the T. The bud is kept in 

 its position by a piece of bast, when a union speedily takes 

 F Bu'ddmgT P^ce, and the bud grows. The other parts of the tree are cut 

 away, and we obtain a tree having the roots and stem of the parent 

 plant, but with a head of the new variety we desire to propagate. 



Mr. Murray pointed out in an interesting paper read before the 

 Horticultural Society, that whenever a graft is made, or a bud is inserted 

 into a tree, the two cambiums alone unite ; and that 

 though the cut surface of the woody fibre is after- 

 wards completely covered over by new wood, there is 

 always a dead portion remaining in the interior of 

 the tree, which never can be got rid of, but which 

 always remains as a permanent defect (fig. 120). I 

 have examined how the cells of one kind of tree, as the 

 FIG. 120. chiswick,i size. p ear? are joined to those of another, as the quince. 

 A thin section under the microscope exhibits an exact conjunction of 



