170 APPENDIX. 



We must not forget the very interesting group of the new 

 French Oratory, revived by Father Gratry, the amiable and sym- 

 pathetic defender of modern Christianity, who mixes up a little 

 too much the differential calculus with moral demonstration, but 

 who is always eloquent, lofty, broad, deeply enamored of liberty, 

 though too indulgent toward the Jesuit order ; a liberal nature, 

 desirous of reconciling the irreconcilable in theory and practice. 



Let us single out again, outside of and above these two distinct 

 parties, an eminent man, M. Arnaud de l'Ariége, who has repre- 

 sented democratic ideas in our republican meetings with admirable 

 ability, associating tlieni with profoundly Christian convictions. 

 Already at this time, he had far outgone the liberal party of the 

 Catholic Church in openly demanding the complete separation of 

 Church and State, as a first condition of the highest development^ 

 of the individual by a truly personal faith. 



Gallicanism, properly so called, was revived several years ago, 

 forming a third party, insignificant in point of numbers, but 

 which counted some very distinguished adherents. The Abbé 

 Guettée, a learned historian of the Church of France, had sought 

 to find in national traditions some firm ground for resistance to 

 Ultramontanisni. His heavy and awkw\ardly-written book was 

 a well-furnished arsenal against Rome. To the same party be- 

 longed no less decidedly an eminent theologian, the Abbé Maret, 

 professor of theology in the faculty of Paris, known ly his works 

 of solid value against pantheism and against the traditionalist 

 school, as it is called, which, in order better to establish the 

 authority of the Church, overturned all rational foundations of the 

 truth in man. Tlie Abbé Maret, although an orthodox Catholic, 

 was opposed to the exaggerated pretensions of the papacy, and 

 showed himself more concerned about the ancient rights of the 

 Church of France than the Abbé Lacordaire, with whom, never- 

 theless, he united in starting "The New Era" {L'Ere Nouvelle), 

 in 1848. The Holy See has never forgiven him this spirit of 

 independence, for it has shown a very ill grace in confirming his 

 nomination to a l)ishopric " in parUbus:'' It was pretended tliat he 

 was growing deaf. And, in point of fact, he did seem to be a little 



