FROM APE TO MAN 237 



the hinder part of the large brain-hemispheres, or cerebrum. 

 He called the sub-class (in which he proposed to place 

 man alone) the " archencephala," or that of the highest 

 developed brains (Greek, " archi," chief, and " encephalon," 

 a brain), and proposed three other sub-classes, to contain 

 the other orders of mammals (the Gyrencephala, Lissen- 

 cephala, and Lyencephala), grouped according to three 

 grades of complexity of the brain. Huxley denied the 

 justification of this special grouping, by which man 

 was placed in a separate and highest sub-class apart 

 from the apes and monkeys. He pointed out that every 

 bone and every part recognized by the anatomist in the 

 higher apes is present in man (though other mammals 

 present no such identity with him or them), and that 

 there are only three little muscles belonging to the hand 

 and the foot which are present in man and not present 

 in the higher apes. He showed that the term "four- 

 handed," or " quadrumanous," as applied to the apes and 

 monkeys, is misleading, inasmuch as, though modified in 

 the proportions of the digits and the mobility of the great 

 toe, the foot of the apes has the same bones and muscles 

 as the foot of man, and differs in structure from their 

 hand as the foot of man differs from his hand, whilst 

 the true hand of the apes agrees in structure with the 

 hand of man. 



Huxley (supported by many other anatomists) also 

 showed conclusively that the little lobe in the interior of 

 the brain called the " hippocampus minor " is present in 

 the apes as in man, and that the posterior part of the 

 greater brain, or "cerebrum," does overlap the "cerebellum " 

 in apes and many monkeys to an even greater extent than 

 it does in man. Owen's statements on this matter 

 appear to have been due to his reliance on specimens 

 of apes' brains removed from the skull and badly pre- 



