280 DIVERSIONS OF A NATURALIST 



artistic Magdalenians and the bushman-like Aurignacians 

 which are races of Homo sapiens, not distinct species. 

 The older period is called the Moustierian, or Middle 

 Paleolithic, period, and is marked by a peculiar type of 

 flint implement. It is later than the older river gravels, 

 in which big tongue-shaped and almond-shaped flint 

 implements are common. The two skulls and bones 

 from the cave of Spey, in Belgium, the Gibraltar skull, 

 and the skeletons and skulls of the cavern called the 

 Chapelle aux Saints in the Correze (Central France), and 

 of Ferassy, and some neighbouring localities, all belong 

 to this Moustierian age (so named after the village " Le 

 Moustier," in Perigord), and to the peculiar species 

 Homo Neanderthalensis. 1 It is also necessary to include 

 here the more ancient man indicated by the important 

 lower jaw found by Schoetensack near Heidelberg (see 

 Fig. 25). The Neanderman or Neanderthal-man had 

 a low forehead, with overhanging bony brow-ridges, 

 and a depressed, flattened brain-case, which, nevertheless, 

 was very long and broad and held an unusually large 

 brain, measuring 1600 cubic centimetres, whereas the 

 modern European averages 1450 only of such units. 

 He had a powerful lower jaw, with a broad, upstanding 

 piece or vertical " ramus," and no chin protuberance. 

 Yet his teeth were identical with those of a modern man. 

 His thigh-bones were much curved, and his arms a good 

 deal longer in proportion to his legs than those of a 

 modern man. He did not carry himself upright, but 

 with a forward stoop. 



Now that we know more of him, we may ask, " Does 

 this Neanderthal or Moustierian man fill the place of 



1 For figures of the skulls and flint implements of these ancient 

 men, see my volume, " Science from an Easy Chair," First Series. 

 Methuen, 1910. 



