THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



Fig, 1. HUMAN SKELETON. 



arm-bone, or humerus (4), articu- 

 lating to the blade-bone. The foro- 

 arm (/) comprises two bones, the 

 radius (5) anteriorly, and ulna (6) 

 posteriorly, both articulating with 

 the lower end of the humerus, and 

 the upper end of the latter form- 

 ing the prominence of the elbow. 

 At the lower end of the radius and 

 ulna comes the wrist joint, or car- 

 pus (7), consisting of an upper and 

 lower row of small massive bones, 

 frequently having a central bone 

 between them. To the upper row 

 of bones, counting from the side 

 of the thumb to the little finger, 

 the names of scaphoid, lunar, and 

 cuneiform are applied. When these 

 three bones directly overlie the 

 bones of the lower row, the carpus 

 is said to be of the linear type ; 

 but when they overlap, it is said 

 to be an alternating carpus. The 

 wrist is followed by the metacarpal 

 bones (8), which never exceed five 

 in number, and' these again by the 

 phalanges, or bones of the digits ; 

 such digits (9) being likewise never 

 more than five in number. Where- 

 as in the first digit, or thumb, there 

 are but two phalanges, in the other 

 digits there are normally three. 

 The pelvic-girdle (3), or that by 

 which the hind-limb is sup- 

 ported, differs essentially from 

 the shoulder-girdle, in that it is 

 immovably fixed t;/ the backbone 

 at the sacrum. r j.'he pelvis, as the 

 whole structur3 is called, is di- 

 vided into a right and left inno- 

 minate bone. In the higher Mam- 

 mals, each innominate consists of 

 a single bone, although it primar- 

 ily consists of three distinct ele- 

 ments. The uppermost of these, 

 and the one by means of which 

 the attachment to the sacrum is 

 made, is called the haunch-bone, 

 or ilium (a), and corresponds to 

 the scapula in the fore-limb. In- 

 feriorly there are two elements, 

 of which the first is the pubis, and 



