44 MAMMALIA ORDER IILINSECTIVORA. 



their fore-paws and sitting up to devour it in a squirrel-like manner. 

 Although chiefly arboreal, they at times seek their food on the ground. 



The typical tree-shrews (Tupaia), which range from India to the Philippines, 

 and are represented by a large number of species, have the long tail bushy 

 throughout, although the longer hairs are arranged on the upper and lateral 

 surfaces, the under side being short-haired. Two species, of which one is 

 from Borneo and the other "from Siam, have been separated as Dendrogale, 

 although this scarcely seems necessary. Very distinct is, however, the beauti- 

 ful little pen-tailed shrew (PtUocercus lowi) of Borneo and some of the 

 adjacent islands, in which the exceeding long tail is evenly short-haired for 

 the greater portion of its length, although towards its extremity it bears a 

 double row of long hairs, arranged like the vanes of a feather. This little 

 creature measures between five and six inches to the root of the tail, which 

 is considerably longer than the head and body. 



In Africa south of the Sahara the place of the tree-shrews is taken 

 by the terrestrial jumping-shrews, one species of the typical genus 

 ranging into Northern Africa. From the tree-shrews these 

 Jumping 1 - Shrews, animals differ not only by their terrestrial habits, but also 

 Family by the elongation of the rnetatarsal segment of the hind-foot, 

 Macroscdididce. which enables them to take the leaps from which they derive 

 their name ; and likewise by the bony rim of the socket of 

 the eye being incomplete behind. The tail also is not bushy. In the typical 

 genus the snout is elongated so as to form a short proboscis, on which 

 account the name of elephant-shrew is applied to these 

 creatures. 



In the typical jumping-shrews (Macrosceddes) the 

 number of teeth is usually 42, and there are five toes 

 on the fore-foot and generally the same number on the 

 hind-foot ; while the ears are large, and the tail is naked 

 and rat-like. In one species (M. tetradactylus\ from the 

 Mozambique Coast, there are, however, but 40 teeth, 

 while the number of toes on the hind-foot is reduced to 

 four ; and on this account the animal is generically sepa- 

 rated by some as Petrodomus. A very distinct genus is 

 formed by the long nosed jumping-shrews (Rkynchocyon) 

 Fig. 24. A JUMPING- from the East Coast of Africa, in which there are only 

 SHREW (Macroscelides). 33 ^^ and bufc four toes fco b()th the _f ront and hind . 



feet. The hind-legs are also relatively shorter. Unlike the tree-shrews, the 

 members of this family are nocturnal in their habits. 



In the three remaining families of the group with the cusps on 



the upper molars arranged in the form of the letter W, the brain-cavity is 



relatively smaller than in the two preceding families, and 



Hedgehog Tribe, the union of the front portion of the lower part of the 



Family pelvis in the middle line of the body either shorter or 



ErinaceidcB. altogether wanting, while not only has the socket 

 of the eye no complete bony ring, but even the post- 

 orbital process found in the jumping-shrews is totally absent. Although 

 the hedgehogs themselves are easily distinguished from the other members 

 of the group by their spiny covering, this is not the case with their more 

 rat-like allies the gymnuras ; and accordingly other characters have to be 

 sought in order to define the family Erinaceidce. In all save one species the 

 feet are five-toed and furnished with claws adapted for digging ; while the 



