THE HOOFED AlAMMALS. 143 



group is the eambar (C. im&oZor), which stands nearly five feet in height, and, 

 with its numerous varieties, ranges from India and Burma., through the 

 Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Samatra to China. As a rule, the young are 

 not spotted. Jn Formosa there is the nearly allied C. swinhoei, while C. 

 philippiwis and C. alfredi are smaller forms inhabiting the Philippine Islands, 

 the last being distinguished by its spotted coat. Still smaller is the Indian 

 hog-deer (6. porcinm), easily distinguished by the absence of a distinct mane 

 on the neck, and the comparatively simple antlers, the young being spotted 

 till they attain an age of about six months. A second Oriental assemblage is 

 the Rucervine group, typically represented by tho Indian swamp-deer 

 (C. du'vauceli\ and the closely allied C7. schomburgki of Siam. In these the 

 beam of the antlers is rather flattened and more curved than in the first 

 group, while the large brow-tine arises at an obtuse angle from the beam, 

 with an upward curvature. To the same group belongs the remarkable Eld's 

 deer, or tameng (C, eldi) of Burma, Cambodia, and the Island of Hainan, in 

 which the whole antler forms a continuous curve from its extreme summit to 

 the tip of the brow-tine. In all the three species the tail is sharp, and the 

 neck provided with a mane, the young being spotted. David's deer 

 (C. davidianus) of Northern China may be regarded as representing a third 

 group by itself, the antlers rising straight from the brow, and then giving off 

 a long back-tine. Each antler is forked at the summit, but the prongs of the 

 fork may again divide. The brilliantly coloured axis, or spotted deer 

 (C. axis) of India, in which the coat is permanently spotted with white, like- 

 wise forms a group by itself. It has antlers of the same general type as those 

 of the Rusine group, the brow-tine usually arising at an acute or right angle 

 from the beam, but it differs in the absence of a mane on the neck, and the 

 greater length of the tail. The molar teeth are characterised by the great 

 height of their crowns. The pretty little Japanese deer (C. st'ca), which has 

 been successfully introduced into several English parks, is the typical repre- 

 sentative of a small assemblage of species, chiefly from North-Eastern Asia, 

 which constitute the Pseudaxine group. When fully developed, the antlers 

 have a brow and trez-tine (the second, or bez-tine, being absent), and 

 terminate in a fork, of which the hinder-tine is the smaller, so that the total 

 number of points on each is four. In summer the coat is spotted, but it be- 

 comes uniformly coloured in winter ; the tail is of medium length, ,and the 

 neck slightly maned. . 



The typical or elaphine group, which includes the red-deer (C. elaphus) of 

 Europe, and the North American wapiti (C. canadensis), is characterised by 

 the presence of a second, or bez-tine, to the antlers, when these attain their 

 maximum development ; the beam of each antler being rounded, and near its 

 summit splitting up into a larger or smaller number of points, which in some 

 species form a cup. The tail is short, and included within a large light- 

 coloured patch on the buttocks ; the remainder of the body being uniformly 

 brown. The red-deer, which ranges over Europe, Western Asia, and North 

 Africa, has the antlers, when fully developed, as in a " royal hart," forming a 

 distinct cup at the summits. The deer of Northern Asia, from the Caucasus 

 to Siberia, and thence to North China, has been separated as C. xatithopygus; 

 but its right to specific distinction seems rather doubtful. Other members of 

 this group are the Persian maral (C. tnaral); the Kashmir stag or hangul (C. 

 cashmirianus), represented by a variety in Yarkand; the shou (C. affinis) of 

 Tibet; Thorold's deer (C, thoroldi), which is also a Tibetan form, easily dis- 

 tinguished by its white muzzle ; the great Thian Shan stag (C. eustephanus); 



