146 MAMMALIAORDER VI.UNGULATA. 



lers may weigh as much as sixty pounds. The two remaining genera of Old 

 World deer are represented by small forms. Of these, the roe-deer (Capre- 

 olus) have comparatively short cylindrical antlers with three tines each ; the 

 front tine rising from the front of the upper half of the beam and inclining 

 upwards. There are no upper canines, the naked portion of the muzzle is 

 small, and does not extend below the nostrils, the tail is very short, and the 

 fur of the young spotted. In addition to the common roe (G. caprea) of 

 Europe and Western Asia, a second species (C. pygargus) inhabits Turkestan 

 and the mountains dividing Russia from China, while a smaller variety is 

 found in Manchuria. Roe-deer usually inhabit more or less open country, 

 and go about in pairs. From all other members of the family except the 

 musk-deer, which it resembles in the long tusks of the males, the small 

 Chinese water-deer (Hydropotes inermis) differs in the absence of antlers from 

 both sexes. The muzzle has a rather large naked portion, and the young are 

 spotted. As in the roes, there are large glands in the hind-feet, and small ones 

 in the front pair. In form, these deer have long bodies and short limbs, and 

 they are remarkable for producing from three to six fawns at a birth. 



Agreeing with the genera just described in the structure of the metacarpal 

 and metatarsal bones, the American deer, exclusive of the wapiti, reindeer, 

 and elk, are, with two exceptions, included in a genus (Cariacus) characterised 

 by the antlers, when fully developed, dividing in a more or less regularly 

 fork-like manner. Whereas, however, in some species the antlers are large 

 and branching, in certain of the smaller forms they form simple spikes. The 

 muzzle resembles that of Cervus, the tail is of variable length, and the fur of 

 the adults is uniformly coloured. The genus ranges over almost the whole 

 of the American Continent, but attains its maximum development in the 

 ^south. The brockets, of which the red brocket (C. rufus) is a well-known 

 example, are a southern group, easily recognised by their unbranched, spike- 

 like antlers. They have a tail of moderate length, and the fawns are spotted. 

 The Costa Rica deer- (C. clavatus) of Central America differs from the 

 brockets in having the hair of the face directed upwards, instead of radiat- 

 ing from two points. The Andes is the home of two species (C. chilensis and 

 C. antisiensis) known as guemels, and characterised by their simply forked 

 antlers, of which the front prong is the longer. There are tusks in the upper 

 jaw, and the young are uniformly coloured. The pampas-deer (C. campestris) 

 is the typical representative of another South American group of the genus, 

 in which the antlers are regularly forked, with the hinder prong, and occa- 

 sionally also the front one, again forking. There are no upper canines, the 

 tail is very short, and the coloration of the fawns is uniform. The last 

 group of the genus is typified by the Virginian deer (C. virginianus), and 

 comprises not only the largest species, but likewise all those inhabiting 

 North America. In this group the antlers are very large and complex, and 

 distinguished by the presence of a larger or smaller basal snag near the base 

 of the front surface. Upper tusks are absent, arid the fawns are spotted. 

 Whereas in the Virginian deer the basal snag is very large, and directed up- 

 wards, in the large-eared mule-deer (C. macrotis) of North America it is much 

 smaller. Of the former Mr. Parker Gilmore writes, that "this splendid animal 

 has still a very wide habitat. Its boundaries, however, originally were from 

 the Atlantic Ocean to the Rockies, and from the Gulf of Mexico to about 47 

 N. latitude, and although eagerly sought by everyone deeming himself a 

 hunter, it can be found in greater or less numbers near the oldest settle- 

 ments. As an article of food the meat of this deer is unsurpassed, especi- 



