THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. 243 



occurs in London, remarking that an omnibus driver never 

 gets brown; " he gets red, and you can see the cause of the 

 redness to be dilated vessels in the skin of his face." But, 

 although bronzing does not probably take place so readily in 

 London as in the country, even though the exposure to the 

 sun be the same in each case, I am nevertheless convinced 

 that it does actually occur. However, setting aside this 

 question as to the special effect of the absence of ozone, the 

 fact remains that residence in central London rapidly tends 

 to deterioration, and finally to family extinction. Mr. Cantlie 

 has been unable to find an individual whose ancestors 

 from the grandparents downwards were born and bred in 

 London. The following two cases are the nearest approach 

 to such an ancestry : " The first is that of a 'man with a 

 Somersetshire grandfather,' whose folks had lived in London, 

 commencing from the grandparents. Height, 5 ft. 1 in. ; age, 2 I ; 

 chest measurement, 28m. His head measured around above 

 the eyebrows is 1 9m. (nearly three inches below the average) ; 

 measured across from tip of ear to tip of ear, 1 1 in. ( 1 ^in. 

 below the average). His aspect is pale, waxy ; he is very 

 narrow between the eyes, and with a decided squint ; solemnity 

 intense." The second case is that of a Ut man with an Irish 

 grandmother,' but the others of whose predecessors have lived 

 rigidly in London from the grandparents downwards. Height, 

 5 ft. 3m.; age, 19; chest measurement, 29m. His head 

 measures 20m. round (2 in. below the average). His face is 

 mottled, pale, and pimpled. He squints rather badly. His 

 jaws are misshapen ; he cannot bring his front teeth within 

 half an inch of each other ; his upper jaw is pointed, and falls 

 within the arch of the lower ; his teeth spiculated, and must 



be well-nigh useless to him. Solemnity great These 



specimens I have come across, as I say, after much inquiry. I 

 have never come across the children of any such, and I believe 

 it is not likely I ever shall. Nature steps in and denies the 

 continuance of such, and weakness of brain power gives such a 

 being but little chance in this struggling world." * 



I do not altogether agree with this author in regarding defi- 

 ciency of ozone as a potent cause of degeneration. The Jewish race 

 * " Degeneration amongst Londoners," by James Cantlie. 



