BOS PRIMIGENIUS. 83 



still adhering to the frontal bones of skulls, broken open to get at 

 the brains, there were some not 15 days' old (with reindeer the 

 antlers begin to show at a much earlier date than in other 

 deer), and of every age of development, also remains of 

 skulls belonging to individuals that were shedding their horns. 

 Again, Dr. Nehring, speaking of some German deposits at 

 Westergeln, mentions very young examples of mammalia, jerboa 

 lagomys, rhinoceros, and several horses (wild). In the Brussels 

 Museum are preserved foetal skeletons of the mammoth and the 

 bears ; and, lastly, Dr. Woldrich mentions finding remains of 

 lemmings, arvicolse, and horses of all ages, which would preclude 

 the possibility of long migrations, and as these mammals bring 

 forth their young in warm weather they must have occupied the 

 country during the summer. We find animals and plants which 

 now live in different climatal zones living together in pleistocene 

 times. Mr. Howarth, after passing in review a series of facts in 

 connection with this subject, sums up by saying that Europe during 

 the Mammoth age was divided into three zones, differing in climate 

 and productions ; one comprising its northern parts, and Switzer- 

 land, covered with glaciers and practically sterile ; the second 

 comprising the uplands, with a climate probably similar to that of 

 the Oberlands, of the Urals, and of Centra] Sweden, largely 

 occupied by grassy prairies and pinewoods, and inhabited by 

 mammals and birds of high latitudes or mountain fells ; and, lastly, 

 the river valleys, sheltered and luxuriant, were filled with forests, 

 which in France and Western Germany were of a very diversified 

 character, many of the trees requiring a warm summer temperature. 

 In these forests, and near the rivers they shaded, lived the 

 mammoth and its more close companions, woolly rhinoceros, 

 glutton, &c., like itself denizens of the woods, and capable 

 of surviving some vicissitudes of food and climate. The 

 sea-bottom between the coast of Norfolk and Dunkirk teems with 

 the remains of Mammoth in a way which is not known in any 

 other part of Europe, and from the fresh character of the bones it 

 is shown that they lie where the animal died, Ireland was then 



