86 BOS PRIMIGENIUS. 



are restricted to caves, and to a few alluvial deposits in France and 

 the South of England, in which they occur more or less numerous, 

 whereas the weapons, implements, and ornaments of Neolithic times 

 are found over the Continent of Europe. Professor Dawkins 

 admirably illustrates the marked distinction between the Palaeo- 

 lithic man of the gravels and caves, and a smaller race with 

 differently formed skulls which succeeded them in the later Stone- 

 age, after the great subsidence which -ushered in. the modern 

 Continental period. The latter ra?e he identifies with the Basques 

 and ancient Iberians a non-Aryan or Turanian people, who 

 once possessed the whole of Europe, including the civilized 

 Etruscans of Italy, and allied tribes occupying the British Isles. 

 This race, which was overthrown by the Celts and other invaders, 

 was doubtless the successor of Palaeolithic man, and constituted the 

 man of the Neolithic period. Light is now rapidly breaking in 

 upon this hitherto obscure subject. By the rediscovery of the tin- 

 mines in Tuscany the connection of the Etruscans with the intro- 

 duction of the Bronze age is established. The affinities of these 

 people with the Neolithic and Iberian races connect the Stone and 

 Bronze-ages in Europe, and explain their intermixture in some of 

 the lake-dwellings in Switzerland. These show a progressive phase 

 of civilisation in successive stages, through which the primitive 

 inhabitants of Switzerland passed from the Neolithic, through the 

 Bronze, into the Iron age. Professor Heer has shown that some 

 of the plants cultivated by the lake-dwellers are not indigenous, 

 but must have been introduced such as the Egyptian wheat 

 Tnticum turgidum and the six-rowed barley, Hordewn hexasticlion ; 

 also Silene cretica y a South European weed, which was probably 

 introduced accidentally. In the heaps of refuse are fouad remains 

 of wild animals which the lake-dwellers snared and hunted, such 

 as the wolf, beaver, elk, urus, bison, stag, roedeer, bear, &c. The 

 prehistoric period is characterised by the arrival of the domestic 

 animals in Europe under the care of man the dog, pig, horse, 

 horned-sheep, goat. Bos longifrous (which, like Neolithic man, was 

 small) and possibly also Bos primigenius reverted to a wild state 



