GENERAL EXAMIXATIOX 7 



portions of the body and extremities, testicles, prepuce, scrotum, abdomen, 

 and chest. It occurs as a complication in diseases of the heart, especially 

 where there is imperfect valvular action, in acute and chronic disorders 

 of the kidneys and cirrhosis of the liver and in the majority of prolonged 

 acute affections. In rare instances it is caused by true diseases of the 

 blood — anaemia, leukaemia, and pseudo-leukaemia, abdominal dropsy, 

 hydro-thorax, and dropsy of the pericardium. 



The oedema which appears in the locality of an inflammation (collat- 

 eral cedema) is of special interest to the surgeon, as it is the only visible 

 symptom of the inflammatory process that is going on under the skin. 

 CEdema may be also seen as a result of the pressure caused by tight or 

 improper bandaging. 



Emphysema of the skin is where the skin looks as if there was air in 

 the subcutaneous tissue. As a rule it is confined to small circumscribed 

 parts of the body, but it has been observed by the author where the whole 

 body has been involved. There is an intense swelling of the parts, and 

 on pressure with the finger the indentation, unlike oedema, immediately 

 disappears. On rubbing over the parts with the hand a slight crackling 

 sound can be heard and felt; on pressure, the air can be driven from the 

 affected portion into the subcutaneous or other tissues beyond the border- 

 line. This condition may be caused by the admission of atmospheric air 

 from the outside into the subcutaneous tissues, by means of small wounds 

 in the skin, especially in the neck, wall of the chest, and the head, and gas 

 or air from some of the internal organs by a perforation of their walls, 

 such as the larynx, trachea, oesophagus, the bowels, or stomach. In 

 cases where there are perforating wounds of the chest, wounds of the 

 larynx or windpipe, or from fractures of the ribs, with complicated in- 

 juries of the lungs. Emphysema may also occur from gas formed by 

 breaking down the contents of abscesses or hemorrhagic infiltrations. 

 In malignant abscesses, we find the swelling is doughy and painful, the 

 enlargement becomes crackly and septicaemia develops. 



Increased Temperature of the Body. 



The normal temperature of the dog taken at the rectum differs from 

 37.5 C. to 39; as a rule, younger animals have a higher temperature than 

 adults. The normal temperature in young animals is generally about 

 39.2 and 39 in older animals. The vaginal and rectal temperatures are 

 practically the same. The prepuce temperature is about 1.5, and the 

 skin temperature at the warmest places on the body about 1° lower than 

 the rectal temperature. 



The author, after a series of observations covering over a large num- 

 . bcr of animals, finds the above to be correct and particularly as far as the 

 prepuce, vagina and skin temperature is concerned. 



