T.EXIA 91 



but, as a rule, the tape-worm causes much more troul)le than the round 

 worms. Schieferdecker found that in the duodenum, where the Taenia 

 cucumerina are generally found, the mucous membrane had numerous 

 small tunnels through which the taenia passed in and out, and caused a 

 peculiar hypertrophy of the papilla?; in some cases they were four or 

 five times their own length. In some cases Lieberkuhn's glands were 

 sunken and collapsed and in several cases had completely disappeared. 

 The Taenia echinococcus, when they are present in large numbers, 

 cause great irritation of the intestines, with hemorrhagic infarction of 

 the tissues. In nervous animals they cause epileptic spasms or even 

 symptoms of rabies, such as a change of voice, paralysis of the lower 

 jaw, dulness and indifference to surroundings; Friedberger and Froh- 

 ner have also observed similar symptoms in dogs that have been af- 

 fected with a Taenia cucumerina. In rare instances the taenia have been 

 known to perforate the intestines. According to the observations of 

 Cadeac, the perforation was made by two of the Taenia serrata. In a 

 great number of instances it is impossible to say positively that the 

 animal has tape-worm unless the segments are observed in the faeces, 

 and the most dangerous to man (Taenia echinococcus) is extremely hard 

 to find, on account of the small size of the segments. The other tape- 

 worms are comparatively easy to find, as the segments are readily 

 seen on the outside of the stools or catch in the anus and hang on the 

 hair, the dog frequently drawing attention to them by licking the anus 

 or drawing the hind extremity along the floor by means of the front 

 legs. In doubtful cases it is well to give a small dose of some taeniafuge, 

 and the animal will generally pass a few segments. 



Therapeutics. — The most important of the numerous taeniafuges 

 recommended are as follows: 



1. Extract of Male Fern (extractum filix mas). — According to the 

 experience of the author, it is the best agent to use. It is to be given 

 on an empty stomach (in the morning being the best time). In smaU 

 dogs in doses from 0.5 to 1.0 and in large animals 2.0 to 5.0, in pill form 

 or in capsule. As this drug has no purgative properties, it must be followed 

 up in one or two hours by a dose of castor oil (30 to 50 grammes). Male 

 fern is very liable to deteriorate if kept any length of time. Therefore 

 it is wise to procure it from a drug house that can guarantee it is fresh. 

 It must be borne in mind that male fern in large doses is a poison, and 

 the maximum (4.0) must not be exceeded in a large dog. Gesimer ad- 

 vises filmaron in 0.2 to 1.0 capsules or a 10 per cent, solution of filmaron. 

 This should be given in the morning on an empty stomach and followed 

 by a dose of castor oil. 



2. Kamala.— This is to be given in doses of 2 to 8 gm., and in large 

 animals up to 15.0. The powder may be rubbed in with a little ether 



