174 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND SEXUAL APPARATUS 



neal exudates, or in dropsy, in fevers, in decrease of the pressure of the 

 heart, as in valvuhir defects, myocarditis, etc. An entire stoppage of 

 the urine may occur in acute or subacute inflammation of the kichieys, 

 in o]:)struction of the urethra, paralysis or rupture of the bladder, from 

 calculi in the bladder or urethra, from stricture of the urethra, or from 

 swelling and pressure of the prostate, or from certain poisons. 



An increase of the amount of urine (polyuria) may be clue to the 

 presence of a large amount of water in the blood (anaemia, hydrsemia), 

 in atrophy of the kidney, where there is great reabsorption of exudates, 

 or in diabetes mellitus (a condition that corresponds to diabetes in- 

 sipidus in man). This, however, is extremely rare in dogs. We may 

 see it after the administration of the different diuretics. It is frec][uently 

 seen in convalescence from acute diseases. 



Constant driljbling of urine indicates paralysis or weakness of the 

 blad<ler. 



The Color of the Urine. — This varies in the healthy dog from pale 

 yellow, when it has few chemical constituents, to dark reddish-yellow 

 when it is concentrated and has a high specific gravity. Food also has 

 a certain influence on the color. After eating fat it is reddish-yellow, 

 and after meat it is light yellow; after eating sugar or bread it is dark 

 yellow, and when the animal is starved it is deep yellow. Disease has 

 also a great effect on the color. It is a deep yellow in fevers and jDale 

 or colorless in diabetes mellitus or insipidus and in chronic interstitial 

 nephritis. After the administration of diuretics it is light in color, and 

 in disease of the liver the coloring matter of the bile may change the color 

 of the urine to all shades of yellow, varying from lemon-yellow to deep or 

 even brown-yellow (see icterus). A red color is produced by the coloring 

 matter of the blood, general angemia, or atrophy of the kidneys; a green 

 or light brown, by diseases of the liver and catarrh of the duodenum. 

 Constant dril)bling or slow voiding of the urine without any apparent 

 pain (incontinentia urina^) indicates weakness or paralysis of the sphincter 

 or the bladder itself; it may occur from certain affections of the spine, 

 in acute cystitis, or from tumors of the bladder. Difficult or painful 

 urination (dysuria, retentio urinse) or even total retention of urine in- 

 dicates urethral calculus or certain poisons. Hsemoglobinuria is found in 

 piroplasmosis and following the administration of certain of the febrifuges 

 such as chlorate of potassium, pyrogallol, chrysarobin, naphthol, analine, 

 kairin, thallin, acids, etc. Also from intense burns, occasionally in 

 septicaemia and in infectious hsemorrhagic gastro-enteritis, in acute cases 

 of distemper, and from sudden chills. Rhubarb and senna turn the urine 

 yellow, while the addition of an alkali turns it red. Cascara sagrada turns 

 the urine greenish-yellow, santonin and cina produces a red-yellow. 

 Analine also produces a blood red. Xaphthalin a brownish-red; carbolic 



