EXAMIXATION OF THE URINE 



175 



acid, or cresote, salol, resorcin and the various coal-tar products produce 

 a greenish-black urine, which on exposure to atmosphere becomes dark 

 oilve-green. Thallin produces a bluish-green urine and a blue-red is pro- 

 duced by pyoctanin. The appearance of blood in the urine indicates- 

 grave conditions. In hsematuria we may see the urine like blood, the 

 color corresponding to the number of blood corpuscles present, and in 

 htemoglobinuria the coloring matter is granular or dissolved blood-coloring 

 matter, actual blood corpuscles rarely being present, the urine then being 

 dirty reddish-brown in color. Both the above conditions may exist 

 simultaneously in some cases. 



Transparency and Reaction of the Urine. — When the urine has been 

 passed recently it is clear and transparent, and has an acid reaction. 

 After feeding with bread for some time it is turbid and 

 alkaline. After feeding with fat it is alkaline. In patho- 

 logical conditions when the urine has been passed recently 

 it is turbid and filled with mucus and epithelium, pus cells, 

 bacteria or triple phosphates. An alkaline reaction gener- 

 ally indicates catarrh of the bladder, or we may see this 

 condition in hsematuria, in reabsorption of exudates, trans- 

 udates, or in hemorrhage into the abdomen or thorax. 



Odor of the Urine. — There is a slight penetrating odor 

 in normal urine; sometimes it is slightly garlicky. Sul- 

 phonal produces a fruity odor. In cases of catarrh of the 

 bladder the urine has a strong ammoniacal odor, and when 

 any amount of turpentine has been absorbed the urine has 

 a faint smell of violets. If much ammonia is present 

 when a glass rod is dipped in muriatic acid and held 

 over the urine, a white cloud-like vapor arises from the 

 urine. 



Specific Gravity of the Urine. — This varies in the dog 

 between 10 IG and lOGO. It can be tested by means of the urinometer 

 or if we have only a small quantity we can test it readily by the area- 

 pikometer. This instrument the writer has found to be very useful. It 

 is shown in Fig. 75. Place the urine to be tested into the receptacle C. 

 Fill it full, taking care that there are no air bubbles in it. Close it and 

 then sink it in water at 15° R. The specific weight of the urine will 

 then be marked on the scale. 



As a rule it will be found that dark urine has a high and light- 

 colored urine a low specific gravity. But there are exceptions to this, 

 for in diabetes mellitus the urine is clear and high in specific gravity, 

 while in nephritis it is dark in color and has a low specific gravity. 

 Dark urine seen during starvation has a low specific gravity. 



Foreign Substances in the Urine. — The following substances appear 



Fig. 75.— 

 Areapikometer. 



