17G DISEASES OF THE URIXARY AND SEXUAL APPARATUS 



in the urine under pathological circumstances. jMucus, blood, particu- 

 larly red blood corpuscles, white and pus corpuscles, fat, epithelium, 

 and tissues, urinary cylinders, animal and vegetable parasites, crystals, 

 albumen, sugar, or coloring matter of bile and indican. 



a. Mucus is found in the bladtler under all conditions, either in 

 health or disease of the urinary passages, and is found in particularly 

 large fiuantities in catarrh of the bladder. 



b. Blood. — If the blood is mixed in the urine evenly and the corpus- 

 cles are reduced in size and cylinders are present, it indicates hemoi'rhage 

 from the kidneys. If blood is present it is called hsematuria and when 

 the urine is stained with blood or blood-coloring matter it is called hcemo- 

 globinuria or methtemogloljinuria. Heller's test or the spectroscope 

 can be used to test urine for blood or lilood coloring matter. 



Heller's Test. — Add to the sample of urine a solution of caustic 

 sodium or potassium, rendering it strongly alkaline; the solution is then 



Jfct Orange t^elh 



^rim. 



A aB C J) E b 



Fig. 76. — Spectrum of uriue in haemoglobinuria. 



Fig. 77 — Hsematin crystals. 



l)rought to a boiling point, and a flocculent reddish-brown deposit is 

 thrown down. 



Spectroscope. — The spectroscope examination is made by means 

 of an ordinary pocket spectroscope; it may be necessary to dilute the 

 urine slightly with water if too concentrated. 



Microscopical examination will positively determine the presence of 

 blood cells. 



Hsematuria is indicated by the presence of red blood corpuscles 

 in the urine, and if the urine has been allowed to stand some time con- 

 tracted or broken clown blood corpuscles may be found and the red 

 coloring matter disappears. This condition is present in all diseases of 

 the kidneys. 



Hsematuria is found in all diseases of the kidneys, acute nephritis, 

 acute renal stasis, hemorrhagic infarction, travimatisms, tumors of the 

 kidneys, diseases of the urinary passages, particularly the pelvis of the 

 kidney, pyelitis, nephrolithitis, eustrongylus gigas, and in diseases of 

 the bladder, such as cystitis, neoformations, calculus, inflammation of 

 the prostate and urethra. 



The location of the hemorrhage may be indicated in the following 



