EXAMINATION OF THE URINE 177 



manner. If from the kidney, by the presence of large quantities of epithe- 

 lium and cylinder casts, while the absence of casts and the presence of epi- 

 thelium peculiar to the bladder, would indicate it came from that organ. 

 If the urine is bloody at irregular intervals, it indicates hemorrhage from 

 the pelvis of the kidney. When the blood is not mixed with the urine, 

 but comes down in a mass, the diseased condition must be in the blad- 

 der. This indication is not always certain, as we may see the blood 

 evenly mixed with the urine in diseased conditions of the bladder, such 

 as cystitis. When the blood is passed just before the urine or follows 

 after the last of the urine has passed, or is passed involuntarily, it indi- 

 cates hemorrhage from the prostate or urethra. Haematuria may re- 

 sult from certain infections or constitutional diseases, or as a result of 

 the presence of certain filaria in the blood. 



c. White Blood Corpuscles, Pus. — White blood corpuscles are found 

 in the urine and are found associated with red blood cells; they are also 

 found in the majority of diseases of the kidneys and urinary organs. 

 When a considerable quantity of pus is passed, it indicates the opening 

 of an abscess in the prostate. When a smaller quantity is present it 

 indicates the presence of some inflammation of the mucous membranes 

 of the kidneys. We can obtain definite information as to this con- 

 dition by making a microscopical examination of the epithelium to see 

 whether any cylinders are present or not. 



d. Fat may be seen in drops on the surface of the urine or shortly 

 after it has been passed. In very fat animals this may be seen as a 

 normal condition, and where animals have had large quantities of fat 

 given to them. It also indicates the fatty degeneration of epithelium 

 of the kidneys. Friedberger and Frohner have seen a pathological 

 lipuria associated with croupous pneumonia in animals with certain 

 anemic and cachectic conditions. It is also present in the various dis- 

 eases of the kidneys. Do not be misled, when you have passed a well- 

 lubricated catheter and see oil floating on the urine, into thinking that 

 it is a pathological condition. 



e. Epithelium and Broken-down Tissue. — In health a few epithelial 

 cells are always passed, but when they are present in large quantities 

 it indicates some active inflammation going on in some part of the uri- 

 nary tract, and a microscopical examination of the cells to ascertain 

 their size and shape will indicate the section of the urinary system they 

 come from. Large quantities of squamous epithelium indicate an irri- 

 table condition of the bladder, but it may also come from the uterus or 

 pelvis of the kidney. Renal epithelium in any quantity indicates disease 

 of the kidney; large quantities of glandular cells, mixed with pus corpus- 

 cles and dumb-bell bacteria, indicate disease of the prostate. Broken- 

 down tissues in the urine indicate renal tumors, suppurative or septic 



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