178 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND SEXUAL APPARATUS 



nephritis, severe inflammatory processes, or carcinoma of the bladder or 

 prostate (Fig. 78). 



/. Renal Cylinders. — "Where we find hyaline cylinders, granular 

 cylinders, epithelial cylinders, or blood casts, then we can feel assured 

 that there is some disease of the kidneys. Blood cylinders indicate 

 hemorrhage of the kidneys. Epithelial cells in large numbers indicate 

 great desquamation of the epithelium, as in acute parenchymatous neph- 



FiG. 78. — Epithelium found in the urine: a, From the bladder; b, from the ureters; c, fromthe pelvis of 



the kidney. 



ritis. Hyaline or epithelial cells when mixed with pus cells indicate 

 suppurative nephritis. Hyaline and granular cells are present in all 

 diseases of the kidneys and always in albuminuria and fevers (Fig. 79), 

 g. Vegetable and Animal Parasites. — Vegetable parasites may be 

 found in recently voided urine in the form of the split fungus, side by 

 side with triple phosphates (Fig. 80). Siedamgrotzky found numerous 

 ball bacteria and pus corpuscles in suppuration of the prostate. Animal 



Fig. 



79. — Uric cylinders; a. Hyaline cylinders; h, epithelial cylinders; d, granular cylinders; c, blood 



cylindera. 



parasites may l^c found, either the eggs of the eustrongylus gigas or the 

 eml;)ryonic forms of the filaria immitis. 



h. Crystals. — We find collections of precipitates in the urine and in- 

 dications of alkaline fermentation, the urine being alkaline in reaction 

 and containing crystals of triple phosphate, phosphoric acid and am- 

 moniacal magnesia; these crystals develop in ammoniacal urine and are 

 coffin-shaped, they arc soluble in acetic acid, thus being distinguished 



