180 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND SEXUAL APPARATUS 



A]])innin occurs in the urine from two causes: in false or accidental 

 albuminuria, and in true or renal all)uminuria. 



The first occurs when there is free albumin in the urine from ac- 

 cidental causes, as where the albumin is added to the urine in its 

 passage from hemorrhage, inflammatory conditions in the passages, 

 or from purulent inflammations. In such cases the microscope will 

 easily make the differential diagnosis. The quantity is always small. 



True all)uminuria is of much greater importance, as this condition 

 is always a symptom of pathological alterations in the epithelium cover- 

 ing the walls of the gland. Healthy epithelium wall always retain the 

 albumin in the blood. 



We see true albuminuria in all forms of acute and chronic inflamma- 

 tion of the kidneys, in fatty degeneration of the kidneys, in amyloid 

 kidneys, and in any altered condition of the renal circulation, such as 

 stagnating hypei'semias as a consequence of heart disease, and in chronic 

 inflammatory conditions of the lungs, pleuritis, hydrothorax. The 

 horizontal position of the dog does not, however, cause such a great dis- 

 turbance in the posterior extremities when the smaller blood vessels 

 are congested as it docs in man. 



Albumin will sometimes be found in the blood from ansemia, leu- 

 kaemia, in acute poisoning, and from high fevers, acute infectious diseases, 

 or violent muscular exertion. In acute nephritis a large amount of albu- 

 min is found to be present, in smaller quantity in chronic nephritis, while 

 in acute atrophy of the kidney very little albumin may be found, but 

 in the latter condition we generally find that there is present more or 

 less nephritis or a slight parenchymatous degeneration of the kidneys. 

 And it is well to examine the urine under the microscope to see if cylin- 

 ders are present. 



Sugar. — The grape-sugar test is generally made when an animal has 

 a good appetite and polyuria and yet becomes generally emaciated, and 

 when the urine is pale but of a high specific gravity. 



The tests are Trommcr's, the bismuth, and the fermentation test. 



Trommer's Test for Sugar. — Put a few c.c. of urine in a reagent glass, 

 taking care to first see that there is no albumin in it, and if so coagulate 

 it and filter it out. Take the urine and dilute it with an equal bulk of 

 water, and render it alkaline with a small quantity of sodium hydrate; 

 then add drop by drop a 4 per cent, solution of cupri sulphas until the 

 li(piid is clear and the sediment dissolved, then heat it until it boils, 

 and if sugar is present we see a reddish-yellow vapor appear at the sur- 

 face of the fluid. 



Bismuth Test. — Ten parts of urine from which all albumin is re- 

 moved has the following solution added to it: bismuth sul^nitrate 2 parts, 

 Rochelle salt 4 parts, and a hundred parts of 10 per cent, solution of 



